/kloc-A merchant in Venice in the 5th century often went out to do business, but he was worried that his wife would go out to have an affair. On a rainy day, he walked in the street, with a lot of mud on his heels and difficult steps. Businessmen were inspired by this. Because Venice is a water city and boats are the main means of transportation, he thought that his wife would not walk on the springboard in high heels, so she might be trapped at home.
Unexpectedly, his wife felt very novel when she put on these shoes, and accompanied by the servant, she got on and off and played around. High-heeled shoes made her more graceful, and fashion celebrities followed suit, so high-heeled shoes quickly became popular.
raincoat
1747, French engineer Franois Fraineau made the world's earliest raincoat.
He used latex obtained from rubber wood to dip cloth shoes and coats in this latex solution, which can play a waterproof role.
McIntosh, who works in a rubber factory in Scotland, can't afford to buy rain gear, so he has to go to work in the rain every rainy day. One day, he accidentally spilled rubber juice on his clothes and could not wipe it off, so he had to wear it home. When it was raining outside, McIntosh was surprised to find that his clothes were not wet at all, so he simply coated all his clothes with rubber juice. This is the first tape raincoat in the world.
barber
1828 sheffield made a single-sided protection blade, which is the predecessor of the safety blade.
1895, an American salesman, Gillette, happened to meet the inventor painter, hoping to make a lot of money and invent something that was needed in all aspects and used once.
One day, Gillette shaved and found that the razor blade was just right for this idea. He designed a safe razor handle, but he couldn't find a manufacturer who could make thin blades. 190 1 year, he met Carson, the mechanic, solved the technical problem, integrated the hoe-shaped tool rest with the double-edged replaceable blade, and applied for a patent.
As early as 1900, the electric shaver was patented in the United States, but the first electric shaver suitable for commercial manufacture was designed by retired American army colonel Hick and patented in 1928.
mirror
Our ancestors made beautiful "transparent mirrors" more than 2000 years ago. At the beginning of the 4th century, Venetians made mirrors with tin foil and mercury on the back of glass, which looked very clear. In the 5th century, Nuremberg made a convex lens, and when making glass, it was made by coating it with a layer of mercury.
Modern mirrors are made by the method invented by German chemist Libiger in 1835. Silver nitrate is mixed with reducing agent to precipitate silver and attach it to the glass.
Traction chain
Zipper was first invented by Chicago mechanic Judson in 189 1 year.
In order to relieve the trouble of tying shoelaces every day, Judson invented a zipper which can replace shoelaces. This zipper consists of a row of hooks and a row of buttonholes. Pull an iron slider from bottom to top, and the hook and buttonhole can be fastened one by one. Judson sent the sample to Columbia Expo on 1893, which was well received and patented.
Nowadays, there are more and more kinds of zippers, and their applications are not limited to daily necessities, but also enter the fields of scientific research, medical care, military and so on, and are praised by some as one of the great civilizations of the 20th century 10.
fridge
The first artificially refrigerated compressed poplar was invented by Harrison at 185 1. Harrison is the owner of Quilen advertising company. When he cleaned the type with ether, he found that the ether coated on the metal had a strong cooling effect.
Ether is a liquid with low boiling point, which is easy to evaporate and absorb heat. Harrison developed a refrigerator using ether and pressure pump through research, and applied it to a brewery in Victoria, Australia, for refrigeration and cooling during brewing.
The first refrigerator with motor-driven compressor was invented by Swedish engineers Brighton and Mendes in 1923. Later, an American company bought their patent and produced the first batch of household refrigerators at 1925.
Edison, the king of invention
Telegraph, telephone and electric light are so common and common in today's advanced technology that no one will be surprised. But do you know how important these things were to people at that time and how ecstatic they were? Humans thus remembered their inventor-Edison.
Edison, known as the "King of Invention", is a famous American scientist and inventor. In his life, there were 1328 inventions registered in the patent office alone. How can a person who has only studied for three months have so many inventions? I think if you have heard the story of Edison incubating chickens, you will understand that his success stems from strong curiosity.
From 65438 to 0847, Edison was born into a merchant family in Milan, Ohio, USA. Edison showed great curiosity at an early age. Whenever he saw something he didn't understand, he grabbed the clothes of adults and kept asking questions, insisting on asking ugly questions.
One day, he pointed to the hen that was hatching eggs and asked his mother, "Why is the hen sitting under her ass?" Mother said, "Oh, that's a chicken!" " "In the afternoon, Edison suddenly disappeared, and the family was anxious to look around and finally found him in the henhouse. It turned out that he was squatting in the henhouse with a lot of eggs under his ass to hatch chickens! His parents saw it and couldn't help pulling him out to wash his face and clothes. Another time, he saw birds flying freely in the sky and thought, since birds can fly, why can't people fly? So, he found a kind of powder for his friends to eat, in order to let them fly into the sky. As a result, his little friend almost died, and Edison was severely beaten by his father.
Finally, Eddie grew up to 8 years old, and his parents sent him to a rural primary school, thinking that he could study with peace of mind from now on. Who knows, he still loves to get to the bottom of it, and often makes the teacher dumbfounded and embarrassed. Once in an arithmetic class, the teacher wrote "2+2=4" on the blackboard. Edison immediately stood up and asked, "Teacher, 2 plus 2" puzzled the teacher. He thinks Edison is a troublemaker and always disagrees with his teacher. So Edison attended classes for three months and was driven home by the teacher.
Edison's mother is a great mother. She didn't blame her only son for being driven back. Instead, she decided to educate her children well. When she found Edison curious and particularly interested in physics and chemistry, she bought him books about physics and chemistry experiments. Edison followed the book and started the experiment alone. It can be said that this is Edison's enlightenment education in scientific invention.
When he grew up, Edison learned radio transceiver technology. He got a job as a night shift operator at Stratford Railway Sub-bureau. According to the regulations, the night operator must send a signal to the train service director every hour after 9 pm. In order to have a good rest at night and study and invent during the day, Edison designed a telegraph that automatically sends signals on time. This is the prototype of the telegram.
Soon after, he improved the telegraph. After many experiments, a new type of telegraph was successfully trial-produced. Edison looked at the machine he invented and smiled with relief.
It should be said that every invention of Edison is closely related to his curiosity. After inventing the telegraph, he began to do telephone experiments. He found that the diaphragm in the teleprompter could vibrate with the sound, so he observed it carefully and made a detailed record in his notebook. Thus, a "talking machine" was made. When people heard the news, they all came to watch it and called him "the greatest inventor"
Not only famous scientists need curiosity, but we ordinary people also need curiosity to learn knowledge and achieve something. In July, the Science and Technology Department of Guangming Daily conducted a questionnaire survey on 1 18 middle school students who won the National Youth Science and Technology Invention Competition. In the column "Your main psychological characteristics", 92% of the students wrote. Is the big head first out of the matrix or the small head first out of the matrix In order to find out this problem, he rushed home immediately after school every day, squatted next to the chicken coop, and sometimes even forgot to eat dinner. After more than two months, He Ji finally found that the egg came out of the mother's body first. To this end, he wrote a paper, which was praised by many biologists. His discovery is actually a new discovery that has not been recorded in the bird literature.
Being a talent requires curiosity, but curiosity does not mean that you can become a talent. If you want to achieve something, you need to work hard. Curiosity is like a seed. Without seeds, towering trees can't grow, and people without curiosity can't invent anything. After the seeds are planted in black soil, they will gradually break through the soil and grow from seedlings into columns. With curiosity, sweat and hard work, Dr. Li Zhengdao, a famous contemporary physicist, said: "Curiosity is very important and indispensable to science. There is a simple reason. Only curiosity can ask questions and solve problems. The terrible thing is that you will not ask questions and will not take the first step. " Because curiosity is so important, many people call it the first virtue of success. For an ambitious and eager teenager, curiosity.
Both the story of Edison, a great inventor, and the story of He Ji, a middle school student, have proved a truth to us: curiosity-the inventor's heart.
Edited on 20 18-02- 17.
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What are the stories of scientific inventions and discoveries?
1. When Edison didn't invent the electric light bulb a long time ago, many people usually used candle lamps and kerosene lamps for lighting at night. At that time, Edison was very upset. He is determined to invent a durable and bright light bulb. Edison failed again and again. A few years later, Edison's failed experience was laughed at by many people, thinking that he was daydreaming, especially Edison did many failed experiments. In the face of others' doubts and distrust, Edison did not give up the filament experiment plan, but used it as a driving force to continue his own scientific experiment. So I tried to use carbonized cotton swabs as filament material to vacuum the bulb. This substance lasted for a long time, but it soon burned out after 45 hours. But Edison was so excited that he had tried more than 6000 experiments, and this time he undoubtedly found a breakthrough. Edison started the filament experiment again, and everything paid off. He found that tungsten wire can be used as electric lamp material, so he was ecstatic. This material is an excellent material for making light bulbs, which emits very bright light, is not easy to burn out and is suitable for long-term use. In this way, the light bulb will gradually enter the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable lighting tool for us at night. The structure of the new steam engine invented by Watt Watt on the basis of the original steam engine has hardly changed in the next 50 years. The importance of the invention of Watt's steam engine is incalculable. It is widely used in factories, becoming the power of almost all machines, changing people's work and production methods, greatly promoting technological progress and opening the curtain of the industrial revolution. It enables the factory to be located in a more economical and effective place that does not depend on coal mines, and can operate all the year round without relying on hydropower, further promoting the development of economies of scale, greatly improving productivity and making business investment more efficient. The steam engine makes it possible to innovate a series of precision machining, and higher technology ensures the performance improvement of various machines, including the steam engine itself. After continuous efforts, steam with higher pressure was introduced, and steam trains and steam ships soon came out one after another. Newton Newton created reflecting telescope in 1672. He used the universal gravitation between particles to prove that the external gravitation of a spherically symmetric sphere can be replaced by particles with the same mass in the center. He also explained various phenomena of tides with the principle of universal gravitation, pointing out that the magnitude of tides is not only related to the phase of the moon, but also related to the orientation of the sun. Newton predicted that the earth was not a right sphere. Precession is caused by the disturbance of the equator by the sun. 4. At the end of Madame Curie 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of the extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is shiny white crystal like fine salt. Radium has a slight blue fluorescence, and it is this beautiful light blue fluorescence that blends into a woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Laser has different effects on different cells and tissues. Those rapidly multiplying cells were quickly destroyed by radium irradiation. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France and France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice. The Wright brothers Wright brothers are famous American inventors. My brother is wilbur wright and my brother is Orville Wright. 1903 12 17, the Wright brothers made the first test flight of a fully controlled, self-powered and heavier-than-air plane, which was the world's first plane "Voyager 1". The airplane is one of the greatest inventions in history. Some people rank it alongside TV and computer as the three greatest inventions that have the greatest influence on mankind in the 20th century. The Wright brothers created a flight control system that allowed the aircraft to fly under control, thus laying the foundation for the practical use of the aircraft. This technology is still applied to all aircraft today. The great inventions of the Wright brothers changed the transportation, economy, production and daily life of human beings, and also changed the military history.
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What are the stories of scientists' inventions?
Edison invented the electric light. Watt invented the steam engine Bell invented the telephone. Franklin invented the lightning rod. Bushnell invented the submarine. The Wright brothers invented the airplane. Edison invented the story of the electric light: Edison was the child of a railway worker. He dropped out of school before finishing primary school and sold newspapers on the train for a living. But he is a diligent man, who likes to do all kinds of experiments and many machines. He is interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind. After carefully summarizing the previous failure experience, Edison made a detailed test plan and conducted experiments in two aspects: one is to classify and test 1600 different heat-resistant materials; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. Edison tested more than 1600 kinds of heat-resistant luminescent materials one by one, but platinum wire has good linear energy, but platinum is surprisingly expensive, so we must find a more suitable material to replace it. 1879, Edison finally decided to use carbon filament after many experiments. He sprinkled carbon powder on a piece of cotton silk, bent it into a horseshoe shape, heated it in a crucible, made it into a filament, put it in a bulb, and then pumped the air out of the bulb with an air extractor. It can be used continuously for 45 hours when the light is on. In this way, the first batch of carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world came out.
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What are the stories of scientific inventions and discoveries at home and abroad?
Watt and Hugai Watt were British scientists more than 200 years ago. When he was young, one day he watched his grandmother cook. On the stove, a pot of water is boiling. Boiling water rolled in the pot, and the lid kept jumping up and down, making a snapping sound. Watt was very surprised and asked his grandmother, "Grandma, why did the lid jump?" Grandma said, "When the water boils, the lid will jump." Watt asked again, "Why does the lid jump when the water is boiling?" Grandma can't answer. From then on, Watt often sat by the fire and observed carefully. He saw the water boiling, and the steam in the pot rushed up and rushed to the lid. He thought: the lid of the pot is pushed by steam. The steam produced by a pot of boiling water can push a lid. More boiling water will produce more steam. Can't it push something heavier? When Watt grew up, he continued to study this problem. He absorbed the experience of predecessors, and after many experiments, he finally invented the steam engine. Edison's story: Edison was naive and curious about incubating chickens. Once, when it was time for dinner, Edison still didn't come back. His parents were worried and looked around. It was not until evening that he was found in the straw shed next to the yard. When his father saw him lying motionless in a haystack full of eggs, he asked Edison what he was doing. Little Edison replied that he was incubating chickens. It turned out that he was surprised to see that hens could hatch chicks, and he always wanted to try it himself. At that time, his father pulled him up with anger and laughter and told others that chickens could not be hatched. On the way home, he asked inexplicably, "Why can hens hatch chicks and I can't?" Edison's first taste experiment When Edison was a child, he often went to play in the mill of his neighbor Muir Winchester's house. One day, in Winchester's mill, he saw Winchester doing a flying device experiment with a balloon. This experiment fascinated Edison. He thinks that if a person's stomach is full of qi, he will surely ascend to heaven. A few days later, Edison mixed several chemical raw materials and gave them to his father's assistant, Michael Oates. Edison told Michael Oates that people would fly after eating this kind of food, and Oates almost fainted after eating Edison's "flying agent". Edison was whipped by his father, and his parents were vigilant, advising their children not to play with Edison and stay away from him. Edison and the shadowless lamp One snowy night, Edison's mother suddenly fell ill, and his father hurried to call a doctor. The doctor said, "Your mother has acute appendicitis and needs surgery." . At that time, there were only oil lamps without electric lights, and the light of oil lamps was very dim, so if you were not careful, you would open the wrong knife. Edison suddenly had a good idea. He took out all the oil lamps at home and put a mirror behind him to let the doctor finish the operation smoothly. The doctor said, "Son, you saved your mother with your wisdom and cleverness." Edison took his mother's hand and said, "Mom, I want to be the sun at night." The story of Edison's invention of the electric light bulb long ago, before the invention of the light bulb, many people generally used candle lamps and kerosene lamps for lighting at night. Edison was very upset at that time. He was determined to invent a durable and bright light bulb. Edison failed again and again. A few years later, Edison's failed experience was laughed at by many people, thinking that he was daydreaming, especially Edison did many failed experiments. In the face of others' doubts and distrust, Edison did not give up the filament experiment plan. Instead, I continued my own scientific experiment with this as the driving force, so I tried to use carbonized cotton swabs as filament material to vacuum the bulb. This substance lasted for a long time, but it soon burned out after 45 hours, but Edison was already excited. He has tried more than 6000 experiments, and this time it is undoubtedly to find a breakthrough. Edison started the filament experiment again, and everything paid off. He found that tungsten wire can be used as electric lamp material, so he was ecstatic. This material is an excellent material for making light bulbs, which emits very bright light, is not easy to burn out and is suitable for long-term use. In this way, the light bulb will gradually enter the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable lighting tool for us at night. Penetos and Penetos "Safety Glass" are famous French chemists. An accidental opportunity triggered his inspiration and prompted him to study and make "Safety Glass". That was at 1907. One day, Penetos was sorting out instruments in the laboratory and accidentally knocked over a glass bottle. This is the end! However, to his surprise, the bottle did not break into pieces, but there were some cracks. He took out a washed bottle and dropped it gently on the ground. This time, the glass bottle was smashed to pieces. Why are the two bottles so different? Benny Ditters has a hard time finding the answer. A few days later, a car accident was cancelled in the newspaper, and flying glass fragments injured passengers, which made Benedetto deeply sad. He couldn't help thinking of the broken bottle and determined to get to the bottom of it. He found the bottle again and observed it carefully. It turned out to be a bottle with some medicine. After the medicine evaporates, a tough and transparent film is formed on the inner surface of the bottle. It seems that this membrane protects the bottle. After many experiments, he finally found a suitable coating with strong adhesion and good transparency. Later, he used paint to bond the two layers of glass together, and found that its anti-breaking performance was better. In this way, "safety glass" was finally born. Biro, the Hungarian journalist who invented the ballpoint pen, accidentally cut the manuscript paper while writing it. He thought it would be nice to change the nib into a ball. So Biro went to consult chemist Okey. Okey said: "It is ok to change the nib into a ball, but you can write only if there is ink leakage around the ball!" " "Biro thought, don't you just control the flow of ink when the ball rotates? He began to experiment repeatedly. Finally, a new pen-ballpoint pen was invented, which feeds ink by the rotation of the ball. Ballpoint pen is very convenient and cheap to use, so it quickly became popular all over the world. Fleming and penicillin British bacteriologist Fleming is studying staphylococcus, a bacterium that can make people sick. In order to study the living habits and pathogenic mechanism of this pathogen, it is necessary to cultivate and observe it. At that time, the equipment was relatively simple, and the work was carried out in a hot and humid old house. During the experiment, the Petri dish needed to be opened many times, so the culture in the Petri dish was easily polluted. On one occasion, Fleming opened the Petri dish to observe the bacteria, and accidentally found that blue-green mold grew on the mouth of the Petri dish, and beside the mold, staphylococcus was melted and clear water droplets appeared. Why can blue-green mold inhibit the growth of bacteria and destroy them? Fleming firmly grasped this "accidental" discovery, went all out to study this blue-green mold, and finally found the nemesis of staphylococcus-penicillin, and further found that it also had a killing effect on other germs. 1945, Fleming, who discovered penicillin, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine together with English pathologist Flory and German chemist Qian En, who developed penicillin chemicals. Zeolite-Cimeldo likes to ponder things since he was a child, and often tries his best to do things that others have never done, especially those tricks that can surprise adults. One day, Xiaomiduo dug some shale on the hillside. Locals all know that this kind of stone can be ignited by fire. However, Meldau Jr. had a whim: "What if you cook it?" He decided to give it a try So he took the stone home and heated it in an empty kettle. "Can it be lit after heating? "Thought Xiaomei, observing. After a while, the pot mouth began to steam. Xiaomeiduo opened the lid and struck a match. He wanted to see if the shale could still be ignited. Unexpectedly, the burning match just arrived at the kettle, and the flame suddenly jumped up! When coal is heated, it will become a gas-what Xiaomidou calls a gas. Time flies, Meldo has grown up, and he has embarked on the road of chemical research. 1792 One day, while studying coal mine materials, Meldo suddenly remembered playing with shale as a child. He thought, "it can make the flame soar suddenly, which means that the gas released by shale is burned." "This gas may have some use value!" After repeated experiments, Meldo proved his idea. Converting coal into gas and then using it as energy is a great progress in the way of human using coal, which brings great convenience to people. Playing with glasses-telescope 1607. In the small town of Mitterberg in the Netherlands, there lived a glasses manufacturer named Libisis. He lives by opening an optical shop, and his life is not rich. Libby Hess has three children. They often use the glasses at home as toys. One day, three children were playing with some glasses. One of them stood on the windowsill, holding two glasses in each hand, putting his hands in front of each other, and the two lenses overlapped together, then closed one eye and looked at the distance curiously through the two lenses. Suddenly, he found that the distant scenery was brought to his eyes, and he could see it clearly. He told his father the discovery excitedly. After listening to this, Libby Hess learned to act like a child and really saw the steeple of the church in the distance. This aroused the great interest of Libby Hess. He repeatedly looked at two lenses, one is reading glasses and the other is myopia glasses. He found that if presbyopic glasses were placed in front and myopic glasses were placed behind, as long as the distance between the two lenses was properly adjusted, distant objects could be seen clearly. According to this principle, Libisis made a simple telescope after some research. This telescope only has a lens barrel more than 30 centimeters long, which contains a pair of reading glasses and a nearsighted lens, but it has become the first telescope in the world. Although this telescope is still very simple, it declares that human beings have "clairvoyance". Knock on the wooden stethoscope. This was 18 16 years ago. A group of children are playing around a pile of wood on the outskirts of Paris, France. One of the children kept banging on one end of the wood with a big nail, while the other children pricked up their ears at the other end to listen to the sound of wood. At this time, a doctor who just came back from seeing a patient with heart disease happened to pass by here, looking at the children curiously, and couldn't help leaning in to listen. Immediately, a real and clear knock came to the ear. When the ear left the wood, the sound became weak and distant. The doctor immediately contacted the phone call just now. Because the female patient is too fat, traditional percussion can't accurately hear her pulse, and it is inconvenient to put her ear directly on her chest for auscultation. The doctor felt embarrassed just now. The knocking of wood inspired the doctor. He made a wooden tube for the patient to listen to auscultation. Later, he improved it into a trumpet-shaped ivory tube with two hoses on it. This is the first stethoscope in the world.
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And those stories about scientific inventions.
Einstein's story (story 1) Einstein was a very playful child when he was a child. His mother often worries about this, and her repeated warnings go in one ear and out the other. Until the autumn of 16, one morning, my father stopped Einstein who was about to go fishing by the river and told him a story that changed Einstein's life. The story goes like this: "Yesterday," Einstein's father said, "my neighbor Uncle Jack and I cleaned a big chimney in the southern factory. The chimney can only go up if you step on the steel ladder inside. Your uncle Jack is in the front and I am in the back. We grabbed the handrail and finally climbed up step by step. When I came down, your uncle Jack was still in front and I was still behind him. Later, when I came out of the chimney, I found a strange thing: your uncle Jack's back and face were blackened by soot in the chimney, but I didn't even have any soot on me. " Einstein's father continued to smile and said, "I saw your uncle Jack and thought I must be dirty like a clown, so I went to the nearby river to wash and wash." And your uncle Jack, seeing me clean when I came out of the chimney, thought he was as clean as me, so he washed his hands and went straight to the street. As a result, everyone in the street laughed and hurt their stomachs. They think your uncle Jack is crazy. "Hearing this, Einstein couldn't help laughing with his father. When his father finished laughing, he solemnly said to him, "In fact, no one else can be your mirror. Only you are your own mirror. Taking others as a mirror, an idiot may also turn himself into a genius. " Hearing this, Einstein suddenly looked ashamed. Einstein left the naughty children. He always takes himself as a mirror to examine and reflect on himself, and finally reflects the brilliance of his life.