However, the automobile has been officially born in the world for more than 100 years. By car, we mean a vehicle that is driven by a power plant (engine) and has four or more wheels and travels on land. Before the first industrial revolution, that is, before the invention of steam engine, the power of cars used by human beings was either human or animal, and the appearance of steam engine made the prototype of cars appear. 1769, the French actually built a three-wheeled steam locomotive with a speed of 3.6 kilometers per hour and four passengers. Since then, some countries have made steam engine cars.
However, the shortcomings of steam engine cars are very prominent. This car is very big, and it is hot and dirty to sit on. People are studying whether it is possible to make a car that burns fuel inside the engine. 1885, Mercedes-Benz made a three-wheeled car with a gasoline engine. 1886, Daimler, a German, made a four-wheeled vehicle, which could run 18 kilometers per hour. At this time, the real car was officially born. In the 20th century, the automobile industry developed rapidly in the United States, and the large-scale assembly line of automobiles greatly increased the output of automobiles, which made automobiles rapidly popularized and became popular commodities. Yuelaiyue midea automobile modeling
The earliest cars looked like carriages, but the difference was that an engine was installed in front. People call it a carriage. Most of these cars are convertible or equipped with movable tarpaulins, and there are no car walls on the front and sides. So drivers wearing hats and goggles can only take shelter from the wind. 1908, the Ford Company of the United States began to produce Model T, the leader of this car. It is exquisite in structure, durable, easy to drive and low in price. It was welcomed by people and became the most famous carriage.
Then, Ford improved the model T. The new Model T is square, just like a big box with a fixed roof and window walls, which is the beginning of the "box car". Since then, major automobile companies have started to produce box cars. But around 1920, T-Ford has an absolute advantage in quantity. Americans once described the number of Ford cars like this: "You can't overtake Model T at all, because when you overtake one, another Model T will appear in front of you."
With the popularization of automobiles and the acceleration of the pace of life, people demand continuous improvement in speed. In order to improve the vehicle speed, on the one hand, the engine power should be increased, on the other hand, the driving resistance should be reduced. Therefore, the first thing people think of is to reduce the height of the car body to reduce the air resistance. The average car height was 2.7 meters in 1900, decreased to 2.4 meters in 19 10, and decreased to10.9 meters in 1920, and this height remained until 1930s. At this time, people found that if the car body drops too low, it will affect the driver's vision and passengers will feel depressed, so they turned to increase the power of the engine. Since then, four-cylinder, six-cylinder and even eight-cylinder engines have appeared. Due to the increase of engine power and volume, the shape of the car body has also changed, and a "long-headed" box car has appeared; This kind of car was all the rage in the 1930s. Interestingly, the van also has a "distant relative", which is an off-road vehicle. This kind of car has high power, but it doesn't require high speed. It has a high chassis and four-wheel drive, so it can travel easily on rugged terrain, so it is especially suitable for field operations and is very popular among soldiers during World War II. The most famous is the jeep in America.
The resistance of the boxcar is still too great. On the front window and roof, especially behind the car, air vortex will be generated, which will greatly affect the forward speed of the car. In order to solve the problem of air resistance, people have absorbed the experience of aircraft design and started to study the shape of cars with wind tunnel tests. The results show that the shape of the front circle and the back tip produces the least air resistance. According to this aerodynamic principle, in 1934, Chrysler Company of the United States developed a brand-new streamlined car-"Airflow" brand. 1937, Ford launched the V8 car, and other car companies also launched their own streamlined cars. The most famous is the German "Volkswagen" brand beetle. Dr Porsche, an outstanding German car designer, was inspired by the shape of the Beetle and designed this streamlined car. Due to the influence of World War II, this car was not put into production until 1949. More than 20 million Beetle cars have been produced, and they are still produced in Mexico, Brazil and other countries. As the best-selling car in history, "Beetle" left a glorious page in the history of automobile.
After World War II, the automobile manufacturing industry has made great progress. 1949, Ford of the United States once again introduced a new historic V8 car. This handlebar integrates wheel cover, engine cover and luggage compartment cover. The lamp is not placed on the wheel cover alone, but is connected with the radiator cover, which is combined with the engine cover to form a beautiful and smooth transition whole, with the cab at the back. Because the overall shape is like a ship, a car with this design style is called a "boat car". Because the engine is located in front of the cab, the center of gravity of the car moves forward, and the car will not shake due to crosswind when driving. For more than 40 years, most cars produced in the world belong to ship-type cars. 1960 or so, some car companies have installed tail wings on ship-type cars. This will only make people feel beautiful. With the change of aesthetic view, the tail has disappeared. There is also a car with an anti-tilt rear window to make the rear passengers sit more comfortable. But when the car is driving at high speed, this kind of rear window will produce strong eddy current and noise, so it has also been eliminated. Modern ship-type vehicles have resumed their simple style, such as Audi 100 introduced in China in the 1980s, which is a successful example. It is the lowest air resistance among ship-type vehicles.
However, the ship-type car has a long tail, and it will still produce strong air vortex when driving at high speed. People improved this and designed a "fish cart". On the basis of the ship-type car, this kind of car gradually inclines the rear window and connects it with the same inclined trunk to form an inclined back. Because it looks like the back of a fish, it is also called a "fish cart". The Buick produced by America 1952 is the earliest fish car. Because of the advantages of comfortable passengers, wide driver's field of vision and small front resistance, the fish car has become an important vehicle type and has been loved by people. The side of the fish-shaped car, similar to the enlarged wing cross section, will produce a lift when driving at high speed, which will make the car leave the ground like a wing. Although there is generally no danger, if a crosswind blows, it will affect the stability of the car when driving, so a cocked tail is added to the tail of the fish-shaped car to overcome part of the lift, so the fish-shaped duck-tailed car is produced. The complete solution to the problem of lift generated by fish car is to adopt wedge shape. This kind of wedge-shaped car has a low body and a sharp front, and the rear of the car is gradually raised and then cut in vain. Nowadays, many sports cars are the representatives of this kind of wedge car. However, if the car is designed completely according to the wedge shape, the ride comfort will be affected. Therefore, if some wedge effects are adopted in the tail design of traditional ship-type cars, a practical, beautiful and popular model will be obtained. Now BMW series cars are the representative of this model.
After nearly 100 years of development, great changes have taken place in automobile modeling, and the future automobile modeling will further reduce the resistance and be more beautiful.