Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, southwest Germany
Einstein’s Chronology
At 11:30 am on March 14, 1879, Einstein was born at No. 135 Bahnhofstrasse, Ulm, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. His father's name was Hermann Einstein, and his mother's name was Pauline Coker.
In 1880, the Einstein family moved to Munich. His father and his brother Jacob jointly opened a small electrical equipment factory.
On November 18, 1881, Einstein’s sister Maya was born. 1884 Einstein became fascinated with the pocket compass. Entered a Catholic primary school.
In 1885, Einstein began to learn violin.
In 1886, Einstein studied at the Munich Public School. In order to comply with the legal requirements of religious instructions, study the laws of Judaism at home.
In 1888, Einstein entered the Louisbold High School. Religious education continues in school until preparation for a bar mitzvah. Friedman is the instructor. In 1889, under the guidance of Talmei, a medical student, he read popular scientific readings and philosophical works.
1890 Einstein’s religious period lasted about 1 year. In 1891, he taught himself Euclidean geometry and became passionate about it. Began self-study of advanced mathematics.
In 1892, he began to read Kant’s works.
In 1894, the family moved to Milan, Italy.
Completed self-taught calculus in 1895. Before graduating from high school, he went to Italy to reunite with his family. Give up German citizenship.
Applied to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich but was not admitted.
In October, he transferred to Aarau State High School in Switzerland.
Wrote the first scientific paper.
In 1896, he received the diploma from Aarau High School.
In October, he entered the Normal Department of the Federal Technical University of Zurich to study physics. In 1897, he met Besso in Zurich, and his lifelong friendship began.
Officially applied for Swiss citizenship on October 19, 1899.
Graduated from the Federal Technical University of Zurich in August 1900. In December, he completed the paper "Inferences from Capillary Phenomenon" and published it in the Leipzig "Journal of Physics" the following year.
Obtained Swiss nationality on March 21, 1901.
I went to Milan to look for a job in March, but to no avail.
In May, he returned to Switzerland and served as a substitute teacher at Winterthur Middle School Technical School. In October, he went to Schaffhausen as a tutor. Three months later he was unemployed again. In December, I applied to work at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
Complete the thesis on the thermodynamic theory of electric potential difference from May to July.
In February 1902, he went to Bern to wait for work.
Founded the "Olympia Academy of Sciences" with Solovin and Habicht.
In June, he was hired as a probationary third-level technician at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In June, he completed the third paper "Kinematic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics", proposing the statistical theory of thermodynamics.
My father died of illness in October.
Married Mileva in January 1903.
In May 1904, the eldest son Hans was born.
In September, he was converted from a probationary employee of the Patent Office to a formal third-level technician. In March 1905, he developed quantum theory, proposed the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April, he submitted his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich and obtained his doctorate.
In May, he completed the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", independently and completely proposing the principle of special relativity, creating a new era of physics.
In September, the relationship between quality and energy was proposed.
In April 1906, he was promoted to the second level technician of the Patent Office.
In November, I completed a paper on the specific heat of solids. This is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids.
In 1907, he began to study the gravitational field theory, and proposed the equivalence principle of uniform gravitational field and uniform acceleration in the paper "On the Principle of Relativity and Conclusions Drawn from It". In June, I applied to be a part-time non-staff lecturer at the University of Bern.
In October 1908, he served as a non-staff lecturer at the University of Bern. Completed two papers in March and October 1909, each containing speculations on the black body radiation theory.
Received an honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva in July.
In September, he participated in the 81st Congress of the German Association of Natural Scientists in Salzburg, met with Planck and others, and gave a report on "The Development of Our Views on the Nature and Conclusions of Radiation".
In October, he left the Bern Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.
In July 1910, the second son Edward was born.
Completed the paper on critical opalescence in October.
In February 1911, he visited Leiden at the invitation of Lorenz.
In March, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics at the German University in Prague.
Go to Brussels to attend the first Solvay Conference in October.
In February 1912, Ehrenfest came to visit, and the two formed an irreconcilable friendship. He returned to Switzerland in October and became a professor of theoretical physics at his alma mater, ETH Zurich.
Proposed the law of photochemical equivalents.
Began to collaborate with Grossman to explore the general theory of relativity.
In July 1913, Planck and Nernst visited and hired him as director of the Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at the University of Berlin.
Accepted the academicianship in Berlin on December 7.
Published the paper "Outline of General Relativity and Gravity Theory" co-authored with Grossman, proposing the metric field theory of gravity.
On April 6, 1914, he moved from Zurich to Berlin.
On July 2, he gave an inaugural speech at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
In October, he opposed the "Message to the Civilized World", a declaration made by German cultural celebrities to defend the war, and signed the "Message to Europeans" which was diametrically opposed to it.
In November, he participated in organizing the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance".
In 1915, he and De Haas discovered the rotational magnetic effect.
Written to Romain Rolland in March to support his anti-war activities.
From June to July, he gave 6 academic reports on general relativity in Attingen. In November, he proposed the complete form of the gravity equation of general relativity and successfully explained the perihelion motion of Mercury.
In March 1916, he completed the concluding paper "The Foundation of General Relativity".
Published an article in memory of Mach in March.
In May, he proposed the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded.
In August, he completed "Quantum Theory of Radiation", summarizing the development of quantum theory and proposing the stimulated emission theory.
The first discussion on gravitational waves.
Writing "A Brief Introduction to Special and General Relativity".
In February 1917, he wrote the first paper on cosmology, introducing the term cosmology. He suffered from liver disease, gastric ulcer, jaundice and general weakness one after another, and was taken care of by his cousin Elsa.
In February 1918, Einstein published his second paper on gravitational waves, including the fourth-level formula.
Lectured in Zurich from January to March 1919.
Divorced Mileva in February.
Married Elsa in June.
In September, I learned about the results of the solar eclipse observation by British astronomers. After the news was announced on November 6, the whole world was shocked. As a result, Einstein's theory is regarded as "one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought."
In December, he received the only honorary degree in Germany: a doctorate in medicine from the University of Rostock.
In March 1920, my mother died of cancer.
Xia visits Scandinavia.
From August to September, a countercurrent against the theory of relativity appeared in Germany. Einstein was viciously attacked, and he openly responded to the challenge.
In October, he accepted the title of concurrently invited professor at Leiden University and published a report on "Aether and the Theory of Relativity".
Visited Prague and Vienna in January 1921.
On January 27, he gave a report on "Geometry and Experience" at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
In February, I went to Amsterdam to attend the International Federation of Trade Unions conference.
From April 2 to May 30, in order to raise funds for the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he and Weizmann visited the United States for the first time. Received the Barnard Medal from Columbia University. Received by President Harding at the White House. During his visits to Chicago, Boston and Princeton, he gave four lectures on the theory of relativity.
I visited the UK in June and visited Newton’s cemetery.
In January 1922, he completed the first paper on unified field theory. Visited France from March to April and worked hard to normalize relations between France and Germany. Published a talk criticizing Mach's philosophy.
In May, he participated in the Intellectual Cooperation Committee of the League of Nations.
In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin.
On October 8, Einstein and Elsa took a ship from Marseille to Japan. Visits Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way.
On November 9, while on his way to Japan, Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Visited Japan from November 17th to December 29th.
On February 2, 1923, on his way back from Japan, he visited Palestine and stayed for 12 days.
On February 8, he became the first honorary citizen of Tel Aviv.
On the way back to Germany from Palestine, he visited Spain.
In March, Einstein was disappointed with the capabilities of the League of Nations and submitted his resignation to the League of Nations. From June to July, he helped found the "New Russia Friends Association" and became a member of its executive committee.
In July, he went to Gothenburg to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize. And lectured on the theory of relativity as a thank you for receiving the Nobel Prize.
The Compton effect was discovered, resolving a long-standing contradiction in the concept of photons. In December, it was speculated for the first time that quantum effects may arise from over-constrained general relativistic field equations.
In 1924, he joined the Jewish organization in Berlin and became a dues-paying member.
In June, membership of the League of Nations was reconsidered.
In December, the last major discovery was made, and an independent demonstration of the association of waves and matter was obtained from the analysis of statistical fluctuations. At this time, Bose-Einstein condensation was also discovered.
In 1925, he was appointed as a director of the "Oriental Cultural and Technical Association", a German-Soviet cooperation group.
From May to June, I will visit South America.
Joined Gandhi and others in signing the declaration refusing military service.
Accept the Copley Medal.
Serves on the Board of Trustees of Hebrew University.
Published "Non-Euclidean Geometry and Physics".
In the spring of 1926, he discussed philosophical issues about quantum mechanics with Heisenberg.
Receive the Gold Medal of Astronomer Royal.
Accepted as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
In February 1927, he signed the anti-fascist manifesto drafted by Babisse.
Participated in the International Anti-Imperialist Alliance and was elected as honorary chairman.
In October, he participated in the 5th Brussels Solvay Physics Symposium and began a fierce debate with the Copenhagen School on the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Published "Newtonian Mechanics and Its Influence on the Development of Theoretical Physics". In January 1928, he was elected as a director of the "German Human Rights League" (formerly the German "New Fatherland League").
In the spring, due to overwork and poor health, he went to Davos, Switzerland, to recuperate and give lectures to young people in recuperation.
Published "Basic Concepts of Physics to Recent Changes".
In April Helen Ducasse began to work as a lifelong personal secretary at Einstein's house.
"Unified Field Theory" was published in February 1929.
In March, I turned 50 and hid in the countryside to avoid birthday celebrations. Visited the Belgian royal family for the first time and formed a friendship with Empress Elisabeth, with whom she corresponded until her death.
Won the Planck Medal on June 28.
After September, he held a debate with the French mathematician Adama on the issue of war and peace, insisting on unconditionally opposing all wars.
In 1930, he was dissatisfied with the League of Nations' inaction in improving international relations and resigned. In May, signed the World Disarmament Statement of the "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom".
In July, he argued with Tagore about the objectivity of truth.
From December 11 to March 4, 1931, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, mainly giving lectures at the California Institute of Technology.
On December 13, Mayor Walker presented Einstein with the golden key to New York City.
Visited Cuba from December 19th to 20th.
Published articles such as "My World View" and "Religion and Science".
Returned to Berlin from the United States in March 1931.
Visited the UK in May and gave lectures in Oxford.
In November, he called on all countries to impose an economic blockade on Japan to stop its military aggression against China.
In December, I went to California again to give lectures.
In order to participate in the 1932 International Disarmament Conference, he published a series of articles and speeches.
Published "Maxwell's Influence on the Development of Concepts of Physical Reality". In February 1932, a protest was held in Pasadena against the German pacifist Ossietzky who was convicted of treason.
Returned to Berlin from the United States in March.
In May, I went to Cambridge and Oxford to give lectures, and then rushed to Geneva to attend the Disarmament Conference. I felt extremely disappointed.
In June, I had a conversation with Murphy about the issue of causality.
Correspondence with Freud in July to discuss the psychological issues of war.
Call on the German people to rise up to defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength. On December 10, he and his wife left Germany for the United States. Originally planning to visit the United States, however, they never set foot on German soil again.
On January 30, 1933, the Nazis came to power.
On March 10, he issued a statement in Pasadena that he would not return to Germany, and set off back to Europe the next day.
On March 20, the Nazis raided his house and he protested. Later, his property in Germany was confiscated and his books burned.
I arrived in Belgium from the United States on March 28 and took refuge in the seaside countryside.
On April 21, he announced his resignation from the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
The letter to Laue on May 26 pointed out that scientists should not remain silent on major political issues.
He will return to Belgium after giving lectures in Oxford in June.
In July, he changed his absolute pacifist attitude and called on young people from all over the world to arm themselves and prepare for a desperate struggle against Nazi Germany.
In early September, the Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks for his death.
On September 9, he crossed the sea to England and left Europe forever.
Delivered a speech "Civilization and Science" in London on October 3.
He left the UK on October 10, arrived in the United States on October 17, settled in Princeton, and applied to be a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study.
In 1934, the collection "My World View" was edited and published by his step-son-in-law Rudolf Keizer. 1935
Goed to Bermuda for a short trip in May. Make a formal application for permanent residence in the United States in Bermuda. This was also the last time he left the United States.
Received the Franklin Medal.
Collaborated with Podolsky and Rosen to publish a paper challenging the Copenhagen School, claiming that the description of reality in quantum mechanics is incomplete.
Running for the Nobel Prize (Peace Prize) to be given to Ossietzky who was imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camp.
In 1936, he began to cooperate with Infeld and Hoffmann to study the motion problem of general relativity.
His wife Elsa died of illness on December 20.
Published "Physics and Reality" and "On Education".
From March to September 1937, he participated in the preparation of the popular book "The Evolution of Physics" written by Infeld.
Support China’s “Seven Gentlemen” in March.
In June, he collaborated with Infeld and Hoffman to complete the paper "Gravity Equations and Motion Problems", deriving the motion equations from the field equations of general relativity.
In 1938, he co-wrote the paper "The Generalization of Kalucha's Electrical Theory" with Bergmann.
In September, I wrote a letter to my descendants five thousand years from now, expressing my dissatisfaction with the current situation of capitalist society.
On August 2, 1939, driven by Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt, suggesting that the United States speed up atomic energy research to prevent Germany from mastering the atomic bomb first.
My sister Maya came to the United States from Europe and stayed at Einstein's house for a long time. "An Examination of the Foundations of Theoretical Physics" was published on May 15, 1940.
Telephoned Roosevelt on May 22 to oppose the U.S. neutrality policy.
Obtained U.S. citizenship on October 1.
In 1941, he published "Science and Religion" and other articles.
In October 1942, at a Jewish rally to aid the Soviet Union, he warmly praised the Soviet Union’s achievements in all aspects.
In May 1943, he participated in the work of the U.S. Navy as a scientific advisor. In 1944, in order to support the anti-fascist war, the manuscript of the 1905 special theory of relativity paper was auctioned for US$6 million. Post a review of Russell's epistemology.
In December, he discussed atomic weapons and post-war peace issues with Stern and Bohr, and followed Bohr's advice and remained silent for the time being.
In March 1945, he discussed the dangers of atomic armaments with Szilard and wrote a letter to introduce Szilard to meet Roosevelt, but to no avail.
Retired from the Institute of Advanced Academic Studies in April (in fact, he continues to work as usual). After September, he published a series of remarks about atomic war and world government. In May 1946, he initiated the organization of the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Scientists" and served as chairman. In May, he received an honorary doctorate from Lincoln University. Write a long "self-narration" to review the path of scientific exploration throughout your life.
My sister Maya was paralyzed due to a stroke in May. From then on, I read to her every night.
In October, he wrote an open letter to the United Nations General Assembly urging the establishment of a world government.
In 1947, he continued to publish a lot of remarks about world government.
In September, he published an open letter proposing to reorganize the United Nations into a world government. From April to June 1948, he cooperated with astronomer Sharp Linley to fully oppose the United States' preparation for a "preventive war" against the Soviet Union.
Protest against widespread military training in the United States.
Published "Quantum Mechanics and Reality".
His ex-wife Mileva died of illness in Zurich.
In December, a laparotomy was performed and a large aneurysm was found in the abdominal aorta.
On January 13, 1949, Einstein was discharged from the hospital.
In January, he wrote "Reply to Criticism", a counter-criticism of the Copenhagen School's criticism in the collection "Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist".
Published "Why Socialism" in May.
In November, the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Scientists" ceased its activities.
On February 13, 1950, he delivered a televised speech opposing the United States’ efforts to build a hydrogen bomb.
Published "On the General Theory of Gravity" in April.
The anthology "Collection of Later Years" was published.
On March 18, the will was signed and sealed. Dr. Nathan was named as sole executor. The estate is jointly hosted by Dr. Nathan and Dr. Ducasse. The final repository of letters and manuscripts is the Hebrew University. Among other provisions: the violin was given to grandson Bernhard Kaiser.
In 1951, he published a series of articles and letters pointing out that the U.S. policy of arms expansion and war preparation was a serious obstacle to world peace.
In June, sister Maya passed away after a long period of paralysis.
In September, the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Energy Scientists" was disbanded.
In 1952, he published "Relativity and Space Problems" and "Introduction to Some Basic Introductions". After the death of Weisman, the first president of Israel, in November, the Israeli government asked him to serve as the second president, but he was rejected.
On April 3, 1953, he wrote the "Ode to the Olympia Academy of Sciences" to his old friends in Bern, remembering his youthful life.
On May 16, he wrote a reply to the persecuted teacher Fraunglass, calling on American intellectuals to resolutely resist fascist persecution, which caused a huge response. After reading the book, Born retired and published a paper on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which caused a fierce debate between the two.
Published "Preface to "The Concept of Space"".
In March 1954, on his 75th birthday, through the "Extraordinary Committee for Civil Liberties", he called on the American people to fight against fascist forces.
In March, he was publicly denounced by U.S. Senator McCarthy as an "enemy of the United States."
Issued a statement in May to protest the political persecution of Oppenheimer.
Qiu was bedridden for several days due to hemolytic anemia.
On November 18, he published a statement in the "Reporter" magazine that he did not want to be a scientist in the United States, but would rather be a craftsman or a hawker.
Complete "Asymmetric Relativistic Theory".
From February to April 1955, he corresponded with Russell to discuss the peace declaration, and signed the declaration on April 11.
Written "Self-narrative" in March, recalling the path of study and scientific exploration in his youth.
On March 15, my best friend Besso passed away.
On April 3, I talked with Cohen about the history of science and other issues.
On April 5, he refuted American fascists’ labeling him as a “subversive”. On April 13, I suffered severe abdominal pain while drafting a televised speech, and was later diagnosed with arterial bleeding.
Entered Princeton Hospital on April 15.
Died in the hospital at 1:25 on April 18. The body was cremated in Trenton at 16:00 that day. In accordance with his will, the ashes were kept secretly, no obituary was issued, no public funeral was held, no grave was built, and no monument was erected.
Einstein is the pioneer and founder of modern physics. Born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879, died in Princeton, United States on April 18, 1955.
Einstein graduated from the Federal Technical University of Zurich in Switzerland in 1900 and became unemployed after graduation. With the help of a friend, I found a job at the Swiss Federal Patent Office. Received a doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905. In 1909, he was appointed associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich, and in 1911 he was appointed professor at the University of Prague. Two years later, he was appointed director of the Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Germany and professor at the University of Berlin. He was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He left Germany in 1932 due to Hitler's persecution and settled in the United States in October 1933. Einstein made contributions in many fields of physics, such as studying capillary phenomena, elucidating Brownian motion, establishing the special theory of relativity and extending it to general relativity, proposing the quantum concept of light, and using quantum theory to perfectly explain the photoelectric effect, radiation process, Specific heat of solids, quantum statistics developed. And won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.