The area around Jiaozhou Bay is rich in mineral water resources. Through investigation and research, the distribution patterns, development status and existing problems of mineral water resources are clarified, and relevant protection measures are proposed. This will help implement the sustainable development strategy and standardize the development order of mineral water resources, and achieve economic benefits, social benefits, resource benefits and The unification of environmental benefits plays an important role.
5.4.1 Distribution and types of mineral water resources
From the geological structure point of view, the Jiaozhou Bay area has excellent mineral water formation conditions, and the geological structure also controls the mineral water Distribution of resources. On the west and southwest shores of Jiaozhou Bay, there are the EW-trending Jiaozhou-Shangma Fault and the NE-trending Kuangji-Dongying Fault. These faults all pass through the two major structural units of Jiaolai Depression and Jiaonan Uplift. They were formed before the Late Jurassic, were strongly active during the Yanshan Movement in the Late Cretaceous, and continued to be active during the Himalayan Movement. Several large faults intersect in Jiaozhou Bay and are the controlling structures for the formation of the Jiaozhou Bay fault basin. The Xiazhuang-Cangkou fault passes through Jiaozhou Bay to the south to Lingshanwei, and controls the outline of the east coast of Jiaozhou Bay; the Jimo-Yindao-Chengyang fault and the Jiaozhou-Shangma fault control the northern shore boundary of Jiaozhou Bay; the Kuangji-Dongying fault controls the boundary of the north coast of Jiaozhou Bay to the northwest coast of Jiaozhou Bay. Fault fracture zones are often good water storage structures, and the excellent mineral water distributed in volcanic rock systems is related to this.
According to this field trip and relevant planning information on mineral water resources in Qingdao, it was found that mineral water resources are mainly concentrated in Chengyang District, but most of the water sources have not passed exploration evaluation and identification. The types of drinking mineral water include strontium type, metasilicate type and strontium-metasilicic acid type. Among them, strontium-metasilicic acid type mineral water is the most common, followed by metasilicate type mineral water, and the least is strontium type mineral water.
5.4.2 Current status of development and utilization of mineral water resources
The mining volume of mineral water points ranges from 1,000m3/a to 40,000m3/a. Some mineral water companies that have built factories and put them into production have not obtained mining licenses and therefore lack effective supervision. The mineral water sources of such enterprises generally lack strict health protection measures, and the quality of mineral water cannot be guaranteed. The mineral water in the Jiaozhou Bay area has poor brand effect, a very narrow sales range, low sales volume, and lacks market competitiveness; however, survey data shows that most of the mineral water is of excellent quality and has good development prospects.
5.4.3 Problems in the development of mineral water resources
With the further improvement of living standards, people’s demand for mineral water will increase, and the mineral water market will gradually As the temperature rises, mineral water development has broad prospects. However, there are also some problems in the development and utilization of mineral water:
1) The types of mineral water products are single and there are few high-quality brands. At present, there are only three types of mineral water: strontium type, metasilicic acid type and strontium-metasilicic acid type. Rare types such as zinc type and lithium type have not yet been found, which lack characteristics; investment is scattered, funds are weak, and equipment and production processes are backward. There are not many companies with an annual output of more than 10,000 tons, and drinking natural mineral water companies and products lack international competitiveness.
2) The development and utilization layout of mineral water resources is unreasonable and the development is unbalanced. Due to the influence of various factors such as regional and economic development, resource development lacks unified planning and layout is not reasonable. Mineral water plants with the same type of products are overly concentrated and compete fiercely with each other.
3) There is a lack of strict health protection measures for mineral water sources. Some manufacturers have not established strict sanitary protection zones in accordance with relevant regulations, and there are no obvious isolation zones. People live next to the water pump room; some water source wells have poor sanitary conditions, and the surrounding areas are overgrown with weeds and filled with domestic garbage and debris; others Sewage drains pass near water source wells. These are all very easy to pollute mineral water sources.
4) The hygienic quality of some bottled mineral water products does not meet national standards. The water treatment equipment produced by some equipment manufacturers does not meet the technical requirements specified for the product; some manufacturers only focus on output and ignore quality, making the hygienic quality of mineral water products substandard.
5) Management functions overlap and there are many branches. At present, in the management of mineral water, in addition to the management of water sources by the land and resources department, it is common for multiple departments such as water conservancy, environmental protection, health and epidemic prevention, technical supervision, industry and commerce, and municipal administration to have repeated management and multiple inspections and charges, which increases the burden on enterprises.
5.4.4 Suggestions for mineral water resources exploration and development
(1) Comprehensive planning and reasonable layout
Based on the distribution characteristics and geology of mineral water resources in the region According to the environmental conditions, three types of exploration and mining areas are divided: restricted exploration and mining areas, key exploration and mining areas and general exploration and mining areas. Restricted exploration and mining areas include nature reserves and scenic spots. Key exploration and mining areas are areas with more mineral water exposures. General exploration and mining areas are areas where other individual springs are exposed.
The construction of mineral water sources should focus on systematic monitoring and comprehensive analysis of water quality, water level (water quantity), and water temperature, delineate mineral water sanitary protection zones, establish an economical and reasonable mining management model, and account for mineral water The allowable mining volume provides the basis for mineral water development and management or expansion of mining.
For mineral water sources that have not yet been exploited, it is necessary to further carry out the investigation and evaluation of mineral water resources, and scientifically plan the types of mineral water products, mining volume, factory scale, etc. based on the investigation. Correctly guide the rational layout and development of the mineral water industry. The establishment of drinking natural mineral water plants must adhere to the principle of "based on locality and taking into account export sales", and production must be based on sales; it must actively introduce foreign investment, cooperate in development, and expand foreign markets; it must vigorously develop bottled drinking natural mineral water products, and at the same time Develop a series of mineral water products such as bottled water, taking into account different levels of consumer groups.
(2) Provisions related to exploration and development
Units responsible for mineral water exploration, design and construction must hold qualification certificates issued by relevant departments and register with the municipal land and resources management department. formalities. The construction of mineral water wells must strictly abide by relevant national regulations and specifications. The development unit and construction unit must submit relevant materials to the municipal land and resources management department within 3 months after passing the acceptance inspection.
The exploitation of mineral water resources must be within the planned indicators approved by the municipal water conservancy management department, and meters must be installed. Destructive mining of mineral water resources beyond the planned indicators is prohibited.
Without the approval of the land and resources department, mineral water resources exploration rights and mining rights are not allowed to be transferred, leased or contracted without authorization. The development unit shall strengthen the maintenance and management of mineral water wells and ancillary facilities and establish technical files. The development unit shall accept the guidance and supervision of environmental protection, health and epidemic prevention and other departments. Mineral water wells must be managed by dedicated personnel.
(3) Exploration methods and requirements
The exploration of natural mineral water should identify in detail the geological and hydrogeological conditions for the formation of mineral water, and determine the location of mineral water production wells and the boundaries of health protection zones. , obtain continuous observation data of water quality, water quantity, water level, and water temperature for no less than one year, calculate and evaluate the allowable mining volume of mineral water based on dynamic observation or productive pumping data, and its accuracy should generally meet B-level requirements, and propose technical , the best economical mining plan. Preliminary demonstration and evaluation must be made for prospective areas that may provide second-phase development.
Geological work includes: ① Alteration and precipitation caused by modern underground fluids observed from strata, geological structural activities, surface and cores, and studying their relationship with the spatial location of water sources; ② From the chemical composition and mineral composition of rocks, study the possible relationship between them and mineral water components; ③ Study the extension and distribution of structural fault-fissure systems and bedrock weathering fissure systems in planes and depths, and their impact on the water richness of water sources. Influence.
Hydrogeological work mainly studies the regional hydrogeological conditions for the formation of mineral water systems. The contents include: ① Determination of mineral water supply range; ② Division of aquifers and aquifers, each layer is horizontally and vertically The distribution and combination characteristics of the mineral water; ③ Determination of the location of the mineral water outlet section; ④ The distribution relationship, water quality characteristics and cause relationship of mineral water, groundwater and surface water in the area; ⑤ Evaluation and delineation of possible pollution sources and sanitary protection zones in the area; ⑥ The possible impact of mining, tunnel excavation, and water conservancy engineering activities on the quality and quantity of mineral water; ⑦ Prediction and preliminary evaluation of water source areas that may provide the second phase of development without investing in special workload .
During the mining process, when using drilling for mining, reasonable wellbore structure, well-forming technology, and sanitary protection measures for the water quality of the wellhead and the top and floor of the aquifer should be put forward on the condition that the aquifer structure is ascertained, and the aquifer structure should be ascertained. The existing mining well group in the adjacent area will have an impact on the mining of mineral water. In the case of quoting mineral water directly from the spring mouth, emphasis should be placed on identifying the health protection conditions and water intake conditions of the spring mouth, as well as the scope or location of shallow groundwater pollution to the mineral water system.
5.4.5 Mineral water resource exploration and development direction
1) Exploration and evaluation focus on finding zinc type, lithium type and carbonate type mineral water.
2) Mineral water points should follow the principles of reasonable layout and appropriate dispersion. They should not be set up too densely. If the distance between spring points is within a few hundred meters, the amount of mining should be reduced or mining should be stopped.
3) Spring points that require treatment to meet drinking standards should not be subject to further exploration and evaluation.
4) According to the instability analysis of strontium and metasilicic acid content, when the strontium content is 0.20~0.25mg/L and the metasilicic acid content is 25~30mg/L, it is not suitable to carry out exploration and Evaluation, so as to avoid being forced to stop production due to the reduction in the content of standard elements after development and utilization, causing unnecessary losses.
5) Finding the more popular "three low" (low salinity, low sodium, low nitrate) mineral water can be one of the focuses of mineral water exploration and evaluation work.
6) Strengthen the close ties between mineral water enterprises, the government and the market, strengthen industry self-discipline, standardize industry behavior, ensure fair competition among enterprises, and improve the survival and competitiveness of the entire industry.
7) Strengthen scientific research and carry out research on the medical and health care effects of mineral water on the human body. In particular, we must strengthen long-term observation and research on the clinical medical effects, and collect and accumulate various minerals and trace elements in natural mineral water. Clinical data on the different effects of different contents on the human body provide a basis for the scientific formulation of mineral water standards and technical specifications, product promotion and the popularization of scientific knowledge.
5.4.6 Mineral water resources protection
The main protection scope of mineral water resources is the area surrounding the water source. The following measures can be taken:
(1) Strict management
Mineral water resources are mined in strict accordance with prescribed procedures and mining limit requirements. Strengthen the health protection of water sources, adhere to the monitoring and inspection system, regularly test the water level and water quality of mineral water sources, and take effective measures to ensure that water sources are not polluted.
Encourage the exploration and evaluation of large-scale and scarce mineral waters. For areas with dense mineral water points, the number of water wells and the mining volume of a single well should be controlled to avoid geological environmental problems caused by excessive extraction of groundwater.
(2) Water source protection
Mineral water sources, especially naturally exposed mineral water sources, should be strictly divided into sanitary protection zones. The division of protected areas should be based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the water source, especially the natural protective capabilities of the aquifer, the type of mineral water, the sanitation of the water source, etc., and should be based on the mineral water exploration and evaluation report or the mineral water reserve testing report. implementation of protective measures.
The sanitary protection zone is divided into three levels: I, II and III. The corresponding sanitary protection measures are as follows:
1) Level I protection zone (strict protection zone): the scope includes mineral water The area where the water intake point, water diversion and water intake buildings are located; the boundary of the protected area is at least 10 to 15m away from the water intake point. For naturally exposed mineral water and geological and hydrogeological conditions with poor sanitary protection performance, the scope can be appropriately expanded.
2) Level II protected area (restricted area): The scope includes the area around the water source, that is, the runoff area where surface water and phreatic water flow to the mineral water intake point. In the case where the mineral water has hydraulic connection with diving and the flow rate is very small, the shortest distance between the boundary of the Level II protection zone and the upstream of the water diversion project is not less than 100m; for mineral water produced in karst aquifers, the distance between the boundary of the Level II protection zone is not less than 300m. . Within the protected area, it is prohibited to set up water diversion projects that may cause changes in the quality, quantity, and temperature of mineral water; it is prohibited to carry out human life and economic-engineering activities that may cause aquifer pollution.
3) Level III protected area (supervision area): includes the entire area where mineral water resources are supplied and formed. In this area, only economic engineering activities that do not harm the sanitary conditions of water sources are allowed.
(3) Give full play to the role of public opinion propaganda and supervision
Adopt a variety of effective forms to carry out colorful publicity and education activities. Use various media such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television to publicize and popularize the knowledge of drinking natural mineral water, strengthen the awareness of resource protection, and deliver mineral water knowledge to thousands of households. Establish a correct concept of drinking water and awareness of conscious protection of natural mineral water resources among consumers. Strengthen public opinion supervision, publicly expose behaviors that waste and destroy resources, punish and educate in accordance with the law, and truly bring the protection of mineral water resources into the legal track.