Official: an official in charge of monopoly of salt, iron, wine, etc., also refers to a privileged official. Also called "management".
National patent tax.
After the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu suggested: "Let the states accept the lessons of people's tenancy and management every year from now on, and send all silks to the capital except expenses." So "profits go to the public and foreign rights are cut."
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Did Song Taizu's right to drink a glass of wine to disarm and return to the field solve the hidden danger of the separatist regime in the buffer region? Actually, it's not that simple behind it
Take away your indifference
202165438+February 14 15:04
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In the long history of China, each dynasty has its own unique label, such as "Make me strong, and keep me away from punishment", so the Han Dynasty is called a strong Han. There is also the Ming dynasty's "righteous martial arts, leaping over the beam, though strong, will be slaughtered", coupled with the Ming dynasty's son of heaven to protect the country, the king will die, so it has the name of righteous Ming.
And each dynasty also has its own embarrassing side, such as the marriage of the Han dynasty, the coinage of the Song dynasty, the separatist regime of the Tang dynasty, the eunuch chaos in the Ming dynasty and so on.
Among these dynasties, the Tang Dynasty should be the most wronged one. After the Anshi Rebellion, the separatist regime of the buffer region became increasingly serious, and the central government's rule over the localities began to collapse. The handmaiden eunuchs of the emperor held the military power of the army directly controlled by the court and could abolish or even kill the emperor at will. The emperor was oppressed by our times abroad and bullied by domestic slaves at home, which was simply shameful.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms after the Tang Dynasty can be said to be an expanded version of the separatist regime in the buffer region. First, the Tang Dynasty died at the hands of Zhu Wen, a buffer region. Then, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Rebellion began. Prior to this, the local buffer regions naturally began to claim the title of king and emperor. The characteristics of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries were that Beowulf ruled the country and the regime changed quite quickly. Ten times, almost eight times, the regime change was carried out by launching a mutiny, which can be said to have brought the negative impact of the separatist regime in the buffer region to the extreme.
The last Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were ended by the Song Dynasty. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, became emperor through the mutiny of Chen Qiao, and established the Song Dynasty. It stands to reason that the establishment of the Song Dynasty at the beginning was in line with the chaotic tradition of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, so the Song Dynasty was hardly a short-lived dynasty. Why can we end the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, but enjoy the country for 3 19 years, although there is no reunification? What's going on here? Today, Song Anzhi will talk about this issue.
One of the main reasons why the Song Dynasty did not become a short-lived dynasty and enjoyed the country 3 19 was that the Song Dynasty completely eliminated the hidden danger of the separatist regime of the buffer regions since the Tang Dynasty, so it did not become a short-lived dynasty, ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and enjoyed the country for so long.
It can be said that the evolution of the local system from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty was quite successful in limiting and depriving us of the power of this era, and then eliminating the hidden dangers of the separatist regime in the buffer regions.
Having said that, many people may think that in the late Tang Dynasty and its Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the rule of Beowulf was completely solved by Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin drinking a cup of disarming wine and then changing armies frequently.
In fact, real history is not as simple as it seems. It is not a so-called "one glass of wine" that can relieve the military power and easily take all the military power to the central court. The history of complete centralization behind it is actually wonderful. Next, Song Anzhi will talk about it in detail.
First of all, as far as drinking a glass of wine to relieve the military power is concerned, everyone must know the story of drinking a glass of wine to relieve the military power, so I won't go into details here. In fact, the story of a glass of wine returning to the field has no exact source in history, and it should be false history. Of course, it doesn't matter. What is important is that, whether it is true or not, it is certain that Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin relieved the imperial generals Shi Shouxin, Gao Huaide and Wang Shenqi of their military power through a glass of wine or in another gentle way, in order to avoid someone using the imperial army to change the regime like Zhao Kuangyin. In other words, Zhao Kuangyin's glass of wine.
At the local level, our time is still too long to fail. For example, in the early Song Dynasty, Li Junhe and Li Zhongjin rebelled against each other and were quickly suppressed. However, other well-armed envoys are still potential hidden dangers of separatist regimes in buffer areas.
In this regard, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin asked Zhao Pu, who ruled the world with The Analects of Confucius: "Since the Tang Dynasty, for decades, the emperor changed his surname to Ba, and there was endless fighting, which made the people miserable. What is the reason? "
I want to rest the soldiers in the world and make long-term plans for the country. What can we do? "
Zhao Pu replied, "It's not his fault. Fang Zhen is too heavy and Jun is weak. There is no other ingenuity in this governance, but only a slight seizure of its power, control of its money valley, and the collection of its elite soldiers, then the world will be safe. "
To put it bluntly, the dialogue between the monarch and his subjects is that Zhao Kuangyin asked why the world is so chaotic today. The problem of buffer separation is too serious. I want to take over the military power What should I do? Zhao Pu means that the local authorities will gradually recover all kinds of powers and then re-regulate the system to prevent this from happening again.
Let's look at the power of our time. Since the late Tang Dynasty, our era can be said to be a full-fledged local leader, with military power, political power, financial power, supervision power and personnel power in one, and it can be said to be a veritable local tyrant. This is also the fundamental reason for the continuous war between the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. No matter in the late Tang Dynasty, or in the Five Dynasties, there was no real centralization at all. Due to the local situation, soldiers were rich and powerful, and naturally there were ambitious people, which naturally led to frequent regime changes.
Therefore, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin are centralized according to the three major policies of Zhao Pu, with a view to thoroughly eliminating the root causes of the crisis of our times from the local system.
First, slightly seize its rights.
From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, our envoys not only controlled their own festivals and towns, but also governed many counties, which were called branch counties. Our officials often arrange for their relatives to take full control of all affairs within their jurisdiction, so that other court officials often become decorations. Therefore, "Historical Records" records: "Since the Five Dynasties, our relatives have all been town generals, resisting county orders, and county officials have all neglected their duties when they specialize in state affairs."
After Hunan was pacified, the imperial court abolished the county system of our time, making counties directly subordinate to the central government. Of course, there must be resistance at first. After Song Taizong succeeded to the throne, all kinds of local powers controlled by our times were completely taken back by the central authorities, realizing real centralization.
At the same time, a deputy chief justice is set up under the top leaders of local counties, which seems to be a deputy chief justice and actually has the power to supervise the country. In the early Song Dynasty, he even dared to openly challenge the country and thought he was the best in the world.
Although the court later clearly stipulated that the chief judge was the deputy governor, the chief judge's power of supervision over counties still existed, which formed a situation in which counties and chief judges contained each other. To put it bluntly, the local setting in the Song Dynasty was a situation in which at least two people were decentralized, which changed the situation in which local centralization was concentrated in one person since the Tang Dynasty.
Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the top leaders of local counties and counties are often military commanders. The Song Dynasty intended to change this situation, and the successors of the top leaders in counties and counties were all civil servants, known as "Zhou Zhijun". In this way, the possibility of literati monopolizing the land is certainly small, and the place is naturally stable.
In this way, the power of our time is deprived step by step.
Second, control its money valley.
Since the establishment of our envoy in the Tang Dynasty, our envoy has not only mastered the military and political power, but also mastered the financial power.
So how did our time master the financial power at that time?
Generally speaking, all tax revenues in our jurisdiction belong to our department, which can be divided into three categories: providing, leaving and staying in the country.
These taxes are rarely paid to the central government, and sometimes some of them are "contributions". It can be seen that our governor has absolute right to speak on local financial power.
So, in the second year of Gander, Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu stipulated that "from now on, each state will pay rent every year, which will be managed by the people, and all silks and silks will be sent to the capital except expenses". Decentralize the financial power of our time to the central government.
Later, a transshipment ambassador was set up to be responsible for transshipment, and a chief judge was set up to restrict it. According to historical records, "the benefits belong to the public and the foreign rights are cut."