Background of China-Hong Kong Subway The China-Hong Kong subway system was first proposed by Fei Erman-Haworth and Schweber Consulting Engineering Company in September, 1967, and was entrusted by * * * *. The increasing population in China and Hong Kong and the public's demand for public transport are the two main factors that have prompted this study in China and Hong Kong. Due to the geographical environment, 80% of the population in China lives in a narrow area with a high population density. If we want to build a road network in the urban area to improve traffic conditions, we must demolish a large number of buildings. This is also one of the reasons for proposing the construction of an underground railway system. 1970, Fei Erman-Haworth Consulting Company completed further research and provided more specific suggestions for the construction of underground railway. The study report recommends the construction of a 52.7-kilometer-long subway system with four routes, including the Hong Kong Island Line, Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line and east kowloon line. Two years later, China and Hongkong agreed in principle to build a first-line "early system". 1973, China and Hongkong * * * decided to negotiate with four international groups, intending to award the project in the form of fixed price and single contract. 1974, Japan group signed a letter of intent to undertake the project, but withdrew in the same year1February. A few weeks later, the Public Transport Temporary Burial Bureau announced that the "early system" was slightly reduced and became the "revised early system". The provisional authorities abandoned the method of adopting a single construction contract and invited bids. In addition, the China-Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation, which is wholly owned by the Hong Kong Government, was formally established at this time to replace the Provisional Authority in supervising the project. The first line of Kwun Tong Metro Line "Revised Early System" started from Central to Kwun Tong 1975 to 165438+ 10, and the section from Kwun Tong to Shek Kip Mei was opened from 1979 to 1./kloc-0 Tsuen Wan Line1July, 977 * * * The second line-Tsuen Wan Branch Line was allowed for the first time. Tsuen Wan Branch Line runs from Shek Kip Mei to Tsuen Wan, with a total length of about 10.5 km. Tsuen Wan to Lijing section was opened to traffic on May 17, and Lijing to Prince Edward section was opened to traffic on May 17. Tsuen Wan Line will increase the subway route to 26. 1 km. Later, the Tsuen Wan Line took the place of Kwun Tong Line and went straight to Central, while the Kwun Tong Line ended in Yau Ma Tei, with Prince Edward Station and Mong Kok Station as the intersection of the two lines. Hong Kong Island Line 1980 12 The Governor in Council approved the construction of Hong Kong Island Line. The total length of the island line from Sheung Wan to Chai Wan is 12.5km, the island line started in June19810, the section from Admiralty to Chai Wan was opened to traffic on May 1985, and Sheung Wan Station was opened on May 23, 1986. Admiralty station and Central Station were expanded to become the interchange stations of the Island Line and the Tsuen Wan Line. The extended underground railway has a total length of 38.6 kilometers and a total of 37 stations. Extension of Kwun Tong Line-The Eastern Harbour Crossing at Quarry Bay and Lantian Station is the second cross-harbour tunnel proposed by * * * at 1984. 1985 New China Hong Kong Cross-Harbour Tunnel Co., Ltd. obtained the patent right for the construction and operation of double-tube tunnels including roads and railways, and the eastern subway tunnel was completed in 65438+. Kwun Tong Line extends to Quarry Bay,19891kloc-0/Lantian Station is opened, and Quarry Bay is expanded into a interchange station with Hong Kong Island Line. The Airport Express and the Tung Chung Airport Railway are the first railways specially designed for the airport in the world. 1989 10 China and Hong Kong decided to build a new airport at Chek Lap Kok and invited the MTR Corporation to build a railway connecting the airport. People's Republic of China (PRC) * * * and Britain * * * reached an agreement on the financial and land arrangement of the airport railway in June 5438+0994 1 1. At that time, the Finance Committee of the Legislative Council immediately approved the injection of $23.7 billion into the relevant projects, and the Airport Railway would also borrow 1 1. As for the land grant arrangement, the Sino-British Land Commission agreed to grant 65,438+048 hectares of land for the Airport Railway. The airport railway project is divided into 24 engineering contracts, of which 10 is a civil contract and 9 are electrical contracts. The airport railway project started at the end of 1994. After four years of construction, the Tung Chung Line was put into service on June 22nd. 1998. With the opening of the new airport, the airport express line was opened on July 6. The Tseung Kwan O Extension of Tseung Kwan O Line provides mass transit railway services for Tseung Kwan O New Town and Yau Tong, becoming the sixth subway line after Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Hong Kong Island Line, Tung Chung Line and Airport Express Line. Tseung Kwan O Extension runs from Kowloon exit of Eastern Harbour Crossing via Yau Tong to Tseung Kwan O New Town. This lane will be divided into two sections: one will extend from Tseung Kwan O Station to Lin Bao in the north, and the other will enter Area 86 south of Tseung Kwan O in the south. The extension project of Tseung Kwan O started in April 1999. After three years of construction, Youtang Station took the lead in putting into service on August 4, 2002. Tiaojingling to Lin Bao Station was opened on August 18. Passengers on Kwun Tong Line must change at Yau Tong Station to Tseung Kwan O Line to North Point if they want to pass through the Eastern Harbour Crossing. In the second phase of the Airport Railway, in order to cooperate with the West Railway Project, the subway added two tracks between Lijing Station and Olympic Station, one of which belongs to the Airport Express Line; The other two lines belong to the Tung Chung Line, and Nanchang Station will be built between the Olympic Station and Lijing Station, so that passengers on the Tung Chung Line can transfer to the West Rail. The advantage of this project is that the Airport Express and Tung Chung Line trains can travel separately, so as to avoid the Tung Chung Line trains stopping at Nanchang Station. The subway will build a pedestrian subway in mei foo station to facilitate passengers to travel between the West Rail mei foo station and the subway mei foo station.
Reference:. geocities/hugohugohugohugo/index
The first underground railway system in the world is the London Metropolitan Railway, which was opened in 1863. At that time, electricity was not popular, so even underground railways could only use steam locomotives. Because the exhaust gas released by the locomotive is harmful to human body, the tunnel at that time should have ventilation slots connected with the ground at regular intervals. 1870, London opened the first underground subway for passenger transport, crossing the Thames near the Tower of London. However, the railway was not successful and was closed a few months later. The earliest existing underground railway opened in 1890, which is also London, connecting the city center and the southern region. At first, the railway builders planned to use a cable car-like propulsion method, but in the end, they used an electric locomotive, making it the first electric subway. The subway opened in London in the early days was also fully electrified by 1905. London Underground is the urban rail transit system in London. In central London, most subway vehicles run underground, while in the suburbs, they run on the ground. The London Underground is usually nicknamed Tube in English, and its name comes from the vehicles passing through a circular tunnel like a pipe. 1863, the first subway was completed and opened to traffic, which became a sensational news at that time. 1890 Steam locomotives were replaced by electric locomotives. Today, London has built a subway network with a total length of 408 kilometers, including underground 160 kilometers, * * * with 12 lines and ***274 stations in operation, carrying up to 3 million passengers every day, with a total of 948 million passengers in 2003-04. Unified instructions and signs are used in the subway route map and subway station, and they are clearly marked with colors and graphics. The whole London area is divided into six districts according to the distance, and the fare varies according to the distance between stations. There are ticket windows and ticket vending machines in the subway station, which can accept debit cards, credit cards, coins and banknotes. For the automatic ticket checking of the London underground, the ticket is automatically sent to the ticket checking machine and ejected by inserting it face up into the gap on the side of the ticket checking machine at the ticket gate. When the ticket is pulled out, the railing at the ticket gate will automatically open, and the railing will close after people pass by. Recently, the Oyster Card has been introduced, which can be used in subway stations and most buses. Just touch the magnetic card with a yellow disk at the ticket gate of the subway. If the card has been recharged with a valid ticket, the railing will open automatically. If something goes wrong, you can consult the station staff with your ticket. Enter the underground platform through stairs or elevators, and find the route and direction according to the road map. There will be an electronic screen on the platform to show the waiting time and the destination of the train, and the destination will also be displayed above the first carriage of the train. London subway lines are complex, and the same line will have different routes, different destinations and shuttle buses. Be sure to look carefully before getting on the bus. The door of the vehicle will automatically open when it arrives at the station and automatically close after a certain period of time. When arriving at the station, most downtown stations will broadcast: "Please pay attention to the gap between the train and the platform". The phrase "beware of cracks" has become the auditory symbol of the London underground. There is a route map of the train and a transfer map of central London. The car is shaking badly when driving, so you must sit still. According to the position of the platform, both doors may be opened, so pay attention to safety. After arriving at the destination station, follow the yellow "way out" sign to the ticket gate, and then go out. The transfer station also has obvious signs to guide the route to other routes. Name, opening year, line type and total length of London Metro Line en: Baker Line of Becheru Line 1906 deep tunnel 23km/ 14 miles en: Central Line 1900 deep tunnel 74km/46miles Sen: Ring Line 1884 shallow tunnel 22km/. 4 miles en: district line 1868 shallow tunnel 64km/44 city line hammersmith and city line 1863 shallow tunnel14km/9miles en: Jubilee line 1979 deep tunnel 36km/23miles en: metropolitan line/kloc-0. Kloc-0/890 deep tunnel 58km/36miles en: Picard bottom line of Piccadilly Line 1906 deep tunnel 766 Waterloo city line and city line 1898 deep tunnel 2km/1.5miles.