What archaeological discoveries have subverted people's previous cognition?

The chronicle of bamboo slips shocked historians because the historical materials it recorded were not only different in content, but also different in value orientation from those described in Historical Records. The chronology of bamboo slips describes bloody coups and military conflicts from Xia Dynasty to Warring States Period. For example, according to Records of the Historian, after Tai Jia of Shang Dynasty was imprisoned by Yi Yin for three years, Yi Yin saw Tai Jia turn over a new leaf and solemnly handed over the country to him. After the restoration of Taijia, he learned from a bitter experience and became a diligent and loving saint. However, the Chronicle of Bamboo Records has a different description of this: after Yi Yin exiled Tai Jia, he became king on his own. Seven years later, Tai Jia sneaked back and killed the usurper Yi Yin, leaving Yi Yin's sons Yi and Yi Fen to inherit the Yi family. Du Yu said, "This is the story of Dajia and Shangshu. I don't know what happened in Dajia, but I'm still in a coma. I also wrote this ancient book at that time, which was not enough. " However, the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions shows that until the end of Shang Dynasty, Shang Dynasty still insisted on offering sacrifices to Yi Yin. Therefore, some people have doubts about the historical records of Bamboo Annals.

The chronology of bamboo books was lost as early as the Han Dynasty. In 279 of the Western Jin Dynasty, the tomb of Wang Wei in present-day Henan Province was stolen and dug. While the grave robbers were arrested, a large number of bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb. At that time, the state attached great importance to this matter, and Emperor Wu of Jin ordered Xun Xu and He Yi, the secretariat of the Jin Dynasty, to be responsible for the translation of bamboo slips (because Wei Shu and Qin Shu were very different). Bamboo slips are two feet four inches long, each with 40 words, a total of 13 articles, starting from the Yellow Emperor. After moving eastward, the Jin calendar was used, and during the Warring States period, the three families divided into Jin and then used Wei calendar. During this period, there were many political disturbances, such as the Eight Kings Rebellion, in which Minister Heng was killed during the examination, which greatly hit the progress of sorting out, and Wei Heng's friends continued. Finally, the official in charge sorted out the part of the history book and named it Bamboo Chronicle. Chronology of Bamboo Books recorded many things in Jin and Wei Dynasties, which is generally considered as the history book of Wei Dynasty.

Because Historical Records describes events in a biographical way, the appearance of bamboo chronicles can be seen from another angle, such as "Xia Qi killed Boyi", "Tai Jia killed Yi Yin", "Wen Ding killed" and "* * * Bo Yu", which are very different from Historical Records. Another example is the record in the Annals of Bamboo Records: "In the first year of King Yi, the sky fell to Zheng, ……", which may refer to the total solar eclipse that occurred in the early morning of 2 1. 899 BC in Zheng (now Fengxiang or hua county, Shaanxi), from which the real year of the first year can be inferred (some scholars doubt this statement). Wang Guowei pointed out in Notes on Chronology of Modern Bamboo Books that the solar eclipse in the sixth year of this century (776 BC) originated from the October in The Book of Songs Xiaoya and the solar eclipse in the New Tang Calendar, which was the chronological record of the solar eclipse in the Zhou Dynasty and the calculated result before the Tang Dynasty.