Numerical control system refers to a digital control system that uses digital codes representing processing sequence, processing mode and processing parameters as control instructions. The simplified numerical control system is called numerical control (NC) system. In the numerical control system, a special computer is usually equipped to record the processing information reflecting the processing technology and operation steps in advance on the punched tape, punched card, magnetic tape or disk with digital code. When the system works, the reading mechanism sends codes to the computer in turn and converts them into corresponding electric pulses, which controls the working machinery to complete various processing processes in turn. Numerical control system has high machining accuracy and efficiency, especially suitable for single piece or small batch production with complex technology. It is widely used in tool manufacturing, machining, automobile manufacturing and shipbuilding industry.
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In the early days, a hard-wired numerical control system with fixed wiring was used, and a special computer was used to control a device. Later, microcomputer was used instead of special computer, and different types of control were realized by writing different program software, which could enhance the control function and flexibility of the system. It was called computer numerical control system (CNC) or soft wire numerical control system.