Qi State: Located in the northeast of present-day Shandong Province, facing the sea, it was the feudal state of Jiang Shang (Jiang Taigong), the founding hero of the Zhou Dynasty. The capital was located in Linzi (now Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province).
Chu State: According to archaeological experts, during the Warring States Period, Hunan belonged to the Chu State. The capital of the Chu State was in Jingzhou, Hubei Province today, but where the southernmost end of the Chu State’s territory was, the historical and archaeological circles have been arguing. endlessly. In recent years, Chu tombs from the Warring States Period have been discovered in Xiangxiang, Xiangtan, Hengyang, Changsha, Yiyang and other places. It can be proved from this that the southernmost point of Chu State in ancient my country should have reached the territory of Xiangtan and Hengyang.
In fact, as an integral part of Chu culture, it is definitely not exclusive to Hubei and Hunan, because based on the long history of Chu State, in its heyday, Chu State covered many provinces, such as Henan and Shaanxi. , part of Chongqing, all of Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui, and most of Zhejiang and Jiangsu were all under the rule of Chu at that time.
Yan State: the current Beijing area.
South Korea:
After the three families of Han Dynasty were divided into Jin Dynasty, their capital was Yangzhai (now Yu County, Henan Province), and later Han Dynasty After the destruction of Zheng in 375 BC, the capital was moved to Xinzheng, the old capital of Zheng, until Han was destroyed by Qin in 230 BC.
Zhao:
Zhao established its capital in Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi) after the three families were divided into Jin, and later moved the capital to Handan until Qin destroyed Zhao in 228 BC.
Wei:
After the three families were divided into Jin, Wei established its capital in Anyi (located in the southwest of present-day Shanxi). However, Anyi was too close to the border of Qin and it was difficult to control the eastern part of Wei. The prosperous area moved its capital to Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan) in 362 BC and remained there until Wei was destroyed by Qin in 225 BC.
Qin:
Before Shang Yang’s reform, the capital of Qin was Yongcheng (today’s southwest of Fengxiang, Shaanxi). In 350 BC (the 20th year of Qin Xiaogong), the capital was moved to Xianyang, and the capital was moved to Xianyang until Qin After the six kingdoms were destroyed, Xianyang was still the capital.
The "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" refers to Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue. 720 BC - 750 BC 40 Jin Wen Gong Ji Chong'er 760 BC - 510 BC 160 Qin Mu Gong Ying Ren Hao 750 - 770 BC 30 Mi Lv, King of Chuzhuang of Chu State 790 BC - 690 BC 110 Wu King Helu of Wu State 690 BC -510 B.C.
Deeds
The Spring and Autumn Period began with "King Ping moving eastward". He got his name from Lu Shi "Spring and Autumn". It was a period of transformation in Chinese history that saw rapid socioeconomic changes, complex political situations, endless military struggles, and dazzling academic culture. It was also a transitional period in which ancient Chinese civilization gradually evolved into medieval civilization. Under the combined blows of civil strife and Rong invasion, in 770 BC, King Zhou Ping was forced to abandon "Haojing" and rely on the power of Jin, Zheng and other princes to move the capital to "Luoyi". From then on, the royal family began to weaken, and the era when Emperor Zhou commanded the world was gone forever. Princes compete for hegemony, great powers merge, and the dictatorship of great officials and the struggle between Yi and Xia come to the stage. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, more than 170 vassal states, large and small, were recorded in the scriptures. However, those whose deeds of alliances, alliances and conquests were obvious and worthy of examination are none other than Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin, Lu, Song, Wei, Yan, Chen, Cao, Cai, Zheng, Wu, Yue and more than ten countries. After King Ping moved eastward, some vassal states developed after a long period of recuperation, but the power of the royal family gradually declined and it gradually lost its ability to control the vassals. The powerful princes no longer obeyed the Zhou royal family. Some of them encroached on Zhou's land, and some attacked other princely states. In the twelfth year of King Huan of Zhou (708 BC), King Huan of Zhou led his army to attack the rebellious Zheng State. Zheng Bo not only dared to lead the army to resist, but also defeated the king's division and shot King Zhou in the shoulder with an arrow. This shows that the status of the King of Zhou has been seriously reduced at this time, but he still retains the false name of the leader of the world. Confucius compiled the history from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (481 BC) into a history book "Spring and Autumn", and later generations called this period of history the Spring and Autumn Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were 128 names of vassal states found in historical records, but there were only a dozen or so important ones. They were mainly Qi and Lu in today's Shandong, Wei, Song, Zheng, Chen, and Cai in today's Henan. Jin is located in today's Shanxi, Yan is located in and around today's Beijing, Qin is located in today's Shaanxi, Chu is located in today's Henan, southern Anhui and the two lakes, Wu is located in today's central and southern Jiangsu, and Yue is located in today's Zhejiang. Relying on their strength, these relatively large vassal states used war to expand their territory, forcing weaker countries to obey their orders and compete with each other, forming a situation of vassal hegemony. Ba, also written as Bo, means the eldest among the princes. The first person to dominate was Duke Huan of Qi. Qi was a feudal state of Taigong Lu Shang. Its successive monarchs devoted themselves to rectifying politics, giving full play to the advantages of coastal fish and salt, promoting household textile industry, developing commerce and handicrafts, and gradually developing its national strength. After Duke Huan of Qi (r. 685-643 BC) succeeded to the throne, he made Guan Zhong his prime minister, rectified the state affairs, abolished the public land system, determined taxes according to the fertility of the land, established salt and iron officials and coined money, increased fiscal revenue, and settled the government. The army combined with agriculture, integrated grassroots administrative organizations and military organizations, increased the source of troops and combat capabilities, and quickly became the most prosperous and powerful country in China. Then he used the slogan "Respect the king and repel the barbarians", held many meetings with the princes, helped or interfered with other countries, and fought against the intrusion of the barbarians. Finally, he became the overlord in the third year of King Xi of Zhou (679 BC). In the 21st year of King Hui of Zhou (656 BC), Duke Huan of Qi led the coalition of eight vassal states to force Chu to obey him with superior force, and established an alliance in Zhaoling (now Yancheng, Henan), and his hegemony reached its peak. After the death of Duke Huan of Qi, civil strife broke out in Qi State to compete for monarchy, and its power was weakened. The Chu State took the opportunity to develop its power, successively destroyed several small countries to its north, and pointed its finger at the Central Plains again. Duke Xianggong of the Song Dynasty (reigned 650 BC - 637 BC) used the call to resist the northern invasion of the Chu people in an attempt to serve as the overlord of the Central Plains. But no matter in terms of national strength and performance, Song Xianggong is not enough to dominate. In the fifteenth year of King Zhou Xiang (638 BC), the armies of Chu and Song met at Hongshui. The Song army was defeated. Even Song Xianggong was shot in the leg and died soon after. Just as the Chu State was dominating the Central Plains, the Jin State in the west developed. Duke Wen of Jin Chong'er (reigned 636-628 BC) was in exile for nineteen years due to the "Liji Rebellion" and suffered a lot of hardships. After ascending to the throne, he reformed politics, developed the economy, organized the military and military, won the trust of the people, stabilized the royal family, was friendly to Qin, and gained high prestige among the princes. In the 20th year of King Zhou Xiang (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the next year, Duke Wen of Jin led his troops to rescue the Song Dynasty, defeated the Chu army in Chengpu, and became the overlord. After the death of Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin tried to develop to the east, but was blocked by Jin. In the battle of Wei, the entire Qin army was wiped out. They turned westward, annexed some Rongdi tribes, and dominated Xirong. After the Chengpu War, the Chu State developed eastward and destroyed many small countries. Its influence reached as far south as Yunnan and as far north as the Yellow River, and its economy and culture developed. King Zhuang of Chu (reigned from 613 BC to 591 BC) reformed internal affairs, quelled riots, built water conservancy projects, and became more powerful. He actually asked the envoy of King Zhou Ding about the size of Zhou Ding. In the tenth year of King Zhou Ding (597 BC), Chu and Jin fought in Bi (now southeast of Wuzhi, Henan) and won a great victory. Soon, another army came to besiege the Song Dynasty, but the Jin people did not dare to rescue them, so all the small countries in the Central Plains returned to Chu one after another, and the Chu people dominated the Central Plains. Continuous wars have brought huge disasters to the people and also caused weariness in small and medium-sized countries. In addition, the two major countries of Jin and Chu were evenly matched, and neither could eat the other. So initiated by the Song Dynasty, two military alliances were held in the seventh year of King Jian of Zhou (579 BC) and the twenty-sixth year of King Ling of Zhou (546 BC). From then on, wars were greatly reduced. When the struggle for hegemony between the Central Plains princes came to an end, Wu and Yue, located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, began to develop. In the fourteenth year of King Zhou Jing's reign (before 506), King Helv of Wu appointed Wu Yuan (Wu Zixu) as his general, led his troops to attack Chu, and invaded Ying, the capital of Chu. In the 24th year of King Zhou Jing's reign (496 years ago), he sent his troops south to attack Yue. King Gou Jian of Yue led his troops to fight, but Linggu Fu, the king of Yue, hit Helu with a strike. Helu died of his injuries. In the twenty-sixth year of King Jing of Zhou Dynasty (494 BC), King Wu Fu Chai avenged his father and defeated Yue. King Gou Jian of Yue sued for peace and gave King Wu his precious beauty Xi Shi, and he personally led Fu Chai's horse. King Wu took advantage of the victory to advance north, defeated the Qi army and became the Xiaoba.
Gou Jian, the king of Yue, lived on the firewood and tasted his courage. He spent ten years gathering and living, and finally destroyed the Wu Kingdom in the third year of King Zhou Yuan (473 BC). Fu Chai committed suicide in shame and anger. Gou Jian went north to form an alliance with Qi and Jin in Xu, becoming the last overlord. According to historical records, during the two hundred and forty-two years of the Spring and Autumn Period, thirty-six monarchs were killed, fifty-two vassal states were destroyed, there were more than 480 major and minor wars, and 450 imperial appointments and alliances were held by the princes. More than ten times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, five hegemons emerged one after another, which historians call the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period". Duke Zhuang of Zheng, Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Wu, and King Yue. "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period" Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin Countless wars during the Spring and Autumn Period greatly reduced the number of vassal states. During the Warring States Period, the seven most powerful vassal states were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin. These seven states were called the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period." In the early Warring States period, the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei formed an alliance and defeated Qi, Qin, Chu and other great powers, becoming a relatively powerful country. Later, this alliance broke up and Qi and Qin prospered. In the middle of the Warring States Period, Wei's army attacked Zhao, and Zhao asked Qi for help in retreating. Wei was empty inside, and the great military strategist Sun Bin led Qi's army to directly attack the capital of Wei. The Wei army had already conquered the capital of Zhao. When they heard that their country was in critical condition, they hurriedly withdrew their troops from Zhao to rescue Wei. As soon as they reached the halfway point, they encountered an ambush of the Qi army. The Qi army blocked Wei. The army won a great victory. This is the famous battle example in Chinese history - "Surrounding Wei and rescuing Zhao". Two years later, Wei attacked South Korea, and Qi's army, under the command of Sun Bin, surrounded Wei and rescued South Korea. Qi Jun pretended to retreat. After the withdrawal on the first day, the stoves left in the camp were enough to cook for 100,000 people; on the second day, the stoves left behind were only enough to cook for 50,000 people; on the third day, the stoves left behind were reduced to only enough to cook for 30,000 people. of rice. Judging from the number of stoves, the Wei army thought that the Qi army was fleeing in large numbers, so they selected elite soldiers and chased the Qi army until they reached Maling (today's Henan Province), but were completely defeated by the Qi army ambushing here. This is the famous "Battle of Maling". After two battles, Qi replaced Wei and dominated the Central Plains. In the late Warring States period, Qin became more and more powerful, and the other six countries could not resist Qin alone, so they wanted to unite to resist Qin together. In order to defeat the other six countries, Qin provoked relations between the six countries and urged them to get closer to Qin. For the sake of their own interests, countries often fail to work together at critical moments, which results in giving Qin an opportunity. The Qin State successively conquered other countries, destroyed the Zhou royal family, and unified China.