It is true that the Ming City Wall in Nanjing is "a perfect match between heaven and man". The following is for your reference only.
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Ladies
It is true that the Ming City Wall in Nanjing is "a perfect match between heaven and man". The following is for your reference only.
Article 1:
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now at Zhonghua Gate Castle. City is one of the symbols of human society's development from barbarism to civilization. The city was an important strategy and fortification in ancient times. It is also the basic space barrier of human life. China has a history of 3,000 years, and there are more than 2,000 large and small cities. Nanjing city wall was built more than 600 years ago, and it is basically well preserved, with a total length of 33. 676 kilometers, longer than the Paris wall, is the best-preserved and largest capital wall in the world, and is an important cultural relic protection unit in China. 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Qing Ji Road ruled by the Yuan Dynasty and renamed it Yingtian. He listened to the advice of Zhu Sheng, a counselor, and "build a high wall, accumulate grain widely, and slow down to be king". It took 2 1 year to build this city.
Zhu Yuanzhang spent 6 million taels of gold when he built the Ming city wall. Half of this huge sum is allocated by the state treasury, and the other half is shared by the rich in Jiangnan. Shen Wansan, the richest man in the south of the Yangtze River, claimed nearly one-third of the cost of building the city.
The bricks used to restore the city are all from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and are fired by more than 200,000 craftsmen. City bricks fired in five provinces were used. 500 million bricks, the specifications are 40 cm long, 20 cm wide, 10 cm thick and weigh about 15-20 kg. The side of each brick is engraved with the names of brick-burning craftsmen, officials and others, as well as the firing time to show that the responsibility lies with people. It is precisely because of this strict responsibility system that this Ming city wall more than 600 years ago has been preserved since the war. The characters on the city wall can be seen in erasing characters, running script, cursive script, seal script and official script. Engraving methods include female engraving and male engraving, and the maximum number of words on the city brick is 69. Nanjing Ming City Wall also used bricks from the Six Dynasties and the Southern Tang Dynasty.
The construction of Nanjing city wall can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, some old cities left over from the Six Dynasties and the Southern Tang Dynasty were renovated and expanded, and the rivers were dredged. The second stage is the period of co-construction with Fengyang Zhongdu, maintaining and strengthening the old city wall and widening it northward to the riverside; In the third stage, focusing on the completion of Nanjing, the gates of Jubao, Sanshan and Tongji will be rebuilt. At this time, Nanjing has begun to take shape; In the fourth stage, the construction of the outer contour is started, with a perimeter of 100 mile and 18 outer doors.
Zhu Yuanzhang built the Nanjing City Wall from 1366 to 1386. The castle he built broke the central axis and symmetrical pattern of traditional buildings, but built the city along the ridge according to local conditions, close to mountains and waters. Using natural rivers and lakes, digging and filling the city wall to form a high city deep ditch is built to meet the needs of actual combat. The capital of the Ming Dynasty was in the shape of a gourd or a banana fan, with a length of 10 km from north to south and a length of 5 from east to west. 67 kilometers. Hundreds of thousands of people spent 2 1 year to build the Nanjing city wall, with a circumference of 33. 676 kilometers * * * Today it is 23 kilometers. 743 kilometers * * *. The height of Nanjing city wall is 14-26M, the base width is 14M, and the upper width is 4-9 m; There are * * * arrow stacks * * 136 16 on the outer wall, and there are more than 200 hidden soldier caves. Except the hills, the lower part of the city is based on limestone strips, and the upper part is built with city bricks, which are made of slurry mixed with Polygonum grass pulp, lime, fine sand and tung oil. The reason why the Ming city wall stood for 600 years is precisely because of the use of this adhesive.
The top of the city wall is bricked into a slope with high outside and low inside, and there are sinks on both sides of the city wall. Set a 70cm stone trough every 60 meters away from the female wall, and drain the water on the wall to Shiming Cave in the city, and then drain it out of the city. At the same time, this drainage system can also discharge the accumulated water in the city to the outside of the city.
"thirteen inside, eighteen outside, and the embolus of the city gate is inserted outward." This proverb in Nanjing just tells the number of gates in Nanjing. In the 13th Gate of Nanjing, in the Qing Dynasty, Wu Ke said, "The three mountains are rich, the sun in Hongwu reaches peace, and God makes Jinchuan nearly lie in the middle, and the instrument wind * * * gathers * * to celebrate * * * and cool * * to Shicheng". There are one urn, two urns and three urns in the urn. Waiguoyou 18 gate. Because the outer gate is mostly rammed by loess, which is commonly known as "Tuchengtou", there is no outer gate that has been preserved so far. However, Hua Yao Gate, Qilin Gate, Xianhe Gate, Andemen Gate and Jiangdong Gate are still used as place names.
Zhonghua Gate Castle, formerly known as Jubaomen, is named after Jubaoshan in the south of the city. 193 1 year, it was renamed "Zhonghua Gate" because a Zhonghua Road was built in the north. The three words on this door were written by Mr. Chiang Kai-shek. Zhonghua Gate is the nearest place to Qinhuai River, with dangerous terrain, easy to defend but difficult to attack, which can play the role of one person guarding and ten thousand people not being allowed. The castle is 129 meters long and18 meters wide, and covers an area of 16500 square meters. Zhonghua Gate has three urns in one city, and the plane is in the shape of "eye". There are two paths leading to the city on both sides, and there are 27 caves in the castle for hiding soldiers.
Zhonghua Gate Castle consists of three urn cities, 8. The 5-meter-high interior wall connects the three urn cities in the castle, and the three urn cities form a "net" closed pattern. On the east and west sides of the castle, there are two boarding roads with the width of 1 1 m, which are the fast roads for transporting military materials into the city in wartime and the channels for generals to drive their horses straight. Roads and internal walls enable the garrison to attack from all directions, leaving the invading enemy with nowhere to escape. In Zhonghua Gate Castle, there are 27 hidden soldier caves, large and small, which are places for soldiers to rest and place some war preparations. There are three caves on both sides of the first gate in the south, seven caves for hiding soldiers under the boarding road, and seven caves for hiding soldiers on the second floor, which can hide 3,000 soldiers. If you continue to walk from the horse paths on both sides, you can reach the platform on the third floor. The dysprosium building in the Ming dynasty was built on the third floor, but it can't be seen now. It was destroyed by the Japanese invaders' war. It's a flat balcony now. Every urn in Zhonghua Gate Castle has a door and a gate. Each arch is a wooden door wrapped with two pieces of iron, and there is also a thousand-pound brake that can be started up and down in the hole. There is a small town building in the middle of each urn, and there is a winch car that can lift a thousand-pound brake. At present, there is no winch truck to lift the thousand-pound brake. At present, a stone trough with a width of 20 cm from the bottom to the top can be seen on both sides of the Chengmen Cave, which was a long trough for lifting a thousand-pound brake in that year. But we can still imagine that in the era of cold weapons. When the enemy broke through the city gate and poured into the city, the floodgates in the city gate would quickly descend, cutting off the enemy's retreat and trapping the enemy in the urn. Then, soldiers will lie in ambush in the cave, or thousands of people will be released together, or stones will roll down and destroy the enemy in a sealed urn, just like "beating dogs behind closed doors" or "catching turtles in an urn"
The Zhonghua Gate Castle is a huge barrier to the ancient city militarily, and plays an important role in guarding Nanjing, with Qinhuai in the west and the southwest Yangtze River in the north, so the gate is extremely important. 1853, Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom led the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebels to fight fiercely with the Qing army again and again; In the Revolution of 1911, 1 1, Xu, commander of Jiangsu-Zhejiang allied forces, commanded troops to fight to the death with the Qing army in Zhang Xun. The most thrilling thing is the battle of Nanking in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. General Tang Shengzhi led the 84th Division of the Garrison to resist the Japanese attack for more than 30 times and launched a fierce battle with the Japanese. There is Shen Wansan's former residence in the west of Zhonghua Gate. It is of great significance to study the imperial capital Miyagi and the ancient capital Waiguo to understand the ancient capital and the idea of building a city.
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The height of Nanjing City Wall is generally between 14m and 2 1m, the width of the city base is about 14m, and the width of the top is between 4m and 9m. Most of the city walls are based on granite or limestone strips, and then the inner and outer walls and tops are built with large bricks. Bricks, gravel and loess are often used to tamp the interior and exterior walls. On the top of the city wall and in the cracks between the bricks on the inner and outer walls, a kind of "slurry clamping" is poured. This mortar is made of lime, glutinous rice juice or sorghum juice or tung oil. Strong adhesion after curing makes the city wall durable. The top of the wall is paved with bricks. * * * refers to the serrated low wall on the outside of the top of the city wall, which has a stone drainage trough for rainwater. There are drainage holes at regular intervals at the foundation of the city to drain the accumulated water in the city wall out of the city. Therefore, the foundation engineering and protection engineering of Nanjing City are relatively solid, so it can stand for more than 600 years. The existing city wall is 2 1. 35 kilometers, is still the largest brick city in China, and has been designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
The existing Ming City Wall in Nanjing is Yingtianfu City, namely the capital city, 13 gate and two water gates. There are also 136 16 cribs on the city wall, and 200 bunks are used for military defense. There are also bell tower and drum tower in the city center.
These 13 gates are all built with towering towers, and Jubao Gate is the most magnificent. The three gates of Jubao, Sanshan and Tongji each have four city walls, and the space between each two is called "Wengcheng", which can be used for wartime defense. Jubao Gate is the strongest of these gates. The lower part of the tower is basically intact, and there is a special facility called "Tibetan Army Cave". In fact, the "Tibetan Army Cave" is a brick door with a closed inner end, which can be used for soldiers to rest and store military supplies in wartime. There are two layers of *** 13 "Tibetan Army Cave" on the southernmost wall of Jubaomen, and there are seven layers under the left and right walls, totaling 27 layers. It is said that each cave can accommodate 100 soldiers, and * * * can hide more than 3,000 soldiers. This facility was extremely rare in other big cities in ancient China. Each city gate has two doors, inside and outside, and the outside is a "thousand-pound gate" descending from the top of the city, which has a solid defense function; There are two doors made of wood and iron inside. Usually, pedestrians, cars and horses all pass through the hole in the city gate.
The waterproof and drainage system of Nanjing Ming city wall is scientific and applicable, and its functions include self-waterproof and drainage of the city wall and urban area. The upper part of the wall filling layer is capped and tamped with mixed mortar of tung oil, lime and yellow work, with a thickness of about1-2m. 5-65,438+00 floors above the city brick, mortar shall be plastered on the top and along both sides of the wall until the wall root. The top surface of the wall is provided with an open stone drainage ditch, and a stone outlet tank is arranged about 50 meters in the open stone drainage ditch to discharge the water in the wall. Sluices and culverts located at the bottom of city walls are mainly used for waterproofing and drainage systems in urban areas. At the exit of Qinhuai River, the east water pipe and the west water pipe are built at * * respectively. Shuiguan has three gates, two wooden doors in front and back, and an iron gate in the middle to prevent the enemy from sneaking into the city. There are 33 urn holes in Dongshuiguan, which are divided into three layers. The upper two floors are hidden soldier caves, and the hole in the middle of the bottom can be used for ships to pass water. In addition, there are Jinchuan River Sluice, Xuanwu Lake's "Tongxin Dam", namely Wumiao Sluice, Qianhu Banshanyuan Sluice and Pipa Sluice in Biwahu Lake. These culverts are all equipped with copper, iron pipes and copper gates, so they can only enter water but not people. They are ingenious in design and reasonable in structure.
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"How high is the gate gate? Thirty-six feet tall. Riding a white horse with a knife and walking under the city gate. " I like the Ming city wall since I was a child, and I always pester my father to take me to the city wall on weekends. In a few years, I visited all the city walls and gates in Nanjing, which brought a lot of fun to my after-school life.
Once, when my father took me through the Fuguishan tunnel, I suddenly saw a small wall in front of me. We rode slowly along the base of the city wall, and then walked down the steps step by step. The picturesque Lake Biwa appeared in front of us like a paradise. With the surprise of Another Village, we found that Lake Biwa is surrounded by walls except * * *. I think this should be an ancient military fortress that is easy to defend but difficult to attack!
Another time, we found a hidden hole under a city wall, and it was dark inside. Out of curiosity, I insisted that my father bring a flashlight to accompany me into the cave. With fear and curiosity, we meandered forward. Some places have to bend over to pass, and it takes more than ten minutes to reach the finish line. Later, I learned that this is a unique Tibetan soldier cave in the Ming Dynasty, and each Tibetan soldier cave can accommodate 100 soldiers. I didn't expect the ancients to be so considerate when designing the city wall! I also found many words or symbols and faces on the bricks of the city wall. It's really interesting.
Dear friends, if you also like the Ming wall of Nanjing, please explore it with me!