How to check the withstand voltage value of tantalum capacitor

The working voltage of tantalum capacitors has a certain upper limit, but its shortcomings are not important for matching transistors or integrated circuit power supplies. Make a list: Tantalum capacitors are marked as 106F. He said: 106 has a capacity of 10uFF, and should have a withstand voltage of 2.5v. The withstand voltage of tantalum capacitors is marked with different letters as follows: F: 2.5 G: 4 L, J: 6.3A: 10C: 65438. At present, there are mainly the following brands of tantalum capacitors in the world: AVX, Kmart, Weisai, NEC and Nikkon. Tantalum capacitors on the market are divided into yellow tantalum and black tantalum. The main brands of yellow tantalum are: AVX Camtech Black Tantalum, and the main brands are: NEC and NICHICON. Market share: AVX is much higher than KEMET and NEC is higher than NICHICON. At present, the price of tantalum electricity in the market changes greatly. AVX will raise the price by 20%-30%, Kemet will raise the price by 15%-20%, and NEC will raise the price by 10%-20%. Personally, I think the main reasons for the price increase are as follows: 1. The price of raw tantalum in the market has gone up. 2. The labor cost has increased. In addition, some friends may ask the difference between yellow tantalum and black tantalum. To put it simply, black tantalum is molded by pressing tantalum powder with a mold, and yellow tantalum is coated with polyoxyethylene resin. Because of the production process, the internal space of black tantalum is not used most effectively, so the capacity that yellow tantalum can achieve is larger than that of black tantalum, which means that some specifications that yellow tantalum can achieve cannot be achieved by black tantalum. In addition, some friends mentioned polymers earlier, and polymers were mainly made by AVX and Kemmett. The advantage of polymer over common manganese dioxide is that the actual use voltage of common tantalum electricity is generally 50%, and the polymer is generally above 80%. For example, the rated voltage of the common capacitor 100uf 10v should not exceed 5V in actual use. If you use a polymer capacitor, you only need100uf6.3v. However, due to the price problem, polymers are not widely used in ordinary electronic products. What I know is useful on a laptop. Advantages and disadvantages of AVX and Kmart: AVX has a large share in both military and civilian markets. In the ordinary capacitor market, AVX is far superior to Camtech in quality and market share. AVX is more expensive than KEMET in terms of price. KEMET's main problem is that its capacitor is not withstand voltage enough. For example, the capacitor voltage of 100uf 10v should reach 5V, but if it is tested with 5V, it is likely to break down. In terms of polymers, Kmart is better than AVX. Polymer was originally developed by a Japanese company (the name has been forgotten), and was later bought out by KEMET. AVX's R&D personnel in polymer are basically dug from KEMET.