A recent news caused an uproar-bone mineral density can also predict the risk of breast cancer. This is the conclusion of a new study published in the journal Cancer of the American Cancer Society on September 1. Zhao Chen, a scholar from the School of Public Health, University of Arizona, USA, studied nearly 1 10,000 postmenopausal women (with an average age of 63), and evaluated their initial bone mineral density level and Gail risk model. Subsequently, they followed up these women for an average of about 8 years to observe which women eventually developed breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer in women with high Gail coefficient is 35% higher than that in women with low Gail coefficient. The study also found that the risk of breast cancer increased by 25% for every unit of total hip bone mineral density T value.
From the above research results, people can get the impression that the higher the hip bone density, the greater the risk of breast cancer. Whether the conclusion is conclusive or not needs further study. But in fact, bone mineral density is a very common clinical examination in orthopedics.
Bone mineral density examination: Bone mineral density examination is an examination method to determine the health status of bones, which can identify osteoporosis, prevent the risk of fracture and monitor the therapeutic effect of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density can be measured in many parts of the human body, such as hips, spine, wrists and heels.
The diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis are based on the comparison between the known bone mineral density of patients and the average bone mineral density of normal young people. There is a standard deviation (SD) between the results of bone mineral density measurement and the data of healthy young people. According to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of osteoporosis is based on the level of bone density. If the T-score is within the "standard" range, it is considered that the bone density is normal, while those who are 2.5 standard deviations below the peak of the normal average bone density are called osteoporosis patients, and more than 95% of these people eventually have fractures.
Normal: BMD is within 1 standard deviation of young people's average (+1 ~- 1sd).
Low bone density: the bone density is lower than the average value of young people 1 ~ 2.5 standard deviation (-1 ~-2.5 SD).
Osteoporosis: Bone mineral density is 2.5 standard deviations lower than the average of young people (lower than -2.5SD).
Severe osteoporosis: the bone mineral density is 2.5 standard deviations lower than the average of young people, accompanied by one or more osteoporotic fractures.
Clinically, patients often hold several bone mineral density checklists of different patients and ask doctors about the bone mineral density comparison between patients, or ask them to review the bone mineral density after two or three months of treatment to see if it is effective. In fact, these are all misunderstandings. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on the comparison of the average bone mineral density between patients and normal people. Therefore, bone mineral density examination can only be compared vertically, and horizontal comparison is not reliable. For patients who use hormones, bone mineral density should be checked every six months to understand the degree of bone loss; For the situation that reflects the treatment effect of osteoporosis patients, it is enough to check once every other year.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the most widely used examination method to truly reflect the demand for calcium supplementation. It expresses the average grams of hydroxyapatite per 1 cm2 of the tested bone, that is, the bone density BMD(g/cm2). However, a few single photon bone density meters placed in pharmacies and shopping malls can only simply measure the bone density of human wrists, and the reflected bone density is not comprehensive.
Some patients often have questions: "Will estrogen prevent osteoporosis and bring breast cancer?" . At present, the cause of breast cancer is not clear. However, it is found that the relationship between the occurrence of breast cancer and the long-term exposure of breast tissue to estrogen can not be ignored. Long-term estrogen supplementation for postmenopausal women, abuse of oral steroid hormone contraceptives by women of childbearing age, and intake of a large amount of protein and fat in the diet will all increase the level of estrogen, prolong the stimulation of estrogen on breast epithelium and increase the risk of breast cancer. Therefore, for postmenopausal women, it is not appropriate to blindly supplement estrogen in large doses to prevent osteoporosis.
Generally around the age of 35, the bone mass of the human body reaches the highest value in its life. The calcium content at this time is the peak bone mass of human body. It is mainly determined by three factors: genetic factors; Calcium supplement factor; Physical exercise status. So osteoporosis is not a patent for middle-aged and elderly people. This silent epidemic is quietly affecting the health of young women in their twenties and thirties. Therefore, modern women should change their concepts, change their lifestyles, and reasonably arrange their own and their families' lives according to the actual situation, so that osteoporosis will not "find the door" too early.
So, from the perspective of life, what should we pay attention to? In fact, some patients' personal hobbies are inextricably linked with osteoporosis, and the common ones are as follows.
1, mouth weight: Adding excessive salt to food will not only increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, but also lead to osteoporosis. Sodium in the human body is excreted with urine through the kidney, and calcium is also lost. The more sodium the human body needs to excrete, the greater the consumption of calcium, which will eventually affect the calcium necessary for bone health.
2, coffee and tea: excessive intake of coffee and tea will lead to osteoporosis. Studies have found that people who consume too much coffee have significantly increased calcium excretion and increased the incidence of hip fractures. In addition, phosphorus-containing cola drinks also belong to this category, and excessive intake should be avoided as far as possible.
3. Smoking: Smoking can lead to osteoporosis. Smoking mainly affects the density of cortical bone, the outer layer of bone, and hip bone is the most affected. The hip bone mineral density of smokers is generally 5% lower than that of non-smokers. It should be emphasized that women who smoke secondhand smoke are also prone to osteoporosis.
4, protein intake: high animal protein diet is easy to cause calcium deficiency. This is mainly because the sulfur-containing animal protein will make the blood show an acidic reaction after entering the human body, forcing the human body to extract calcium from the bone to balance the acidity of the blood; Secondly, calcium in food can only be absorbed by small intestine after being digested, while red meat (pork, mutton, beef, etc. ) contains a lot of phosphate, which will combine with calcium in the digestive tract, thus reducing the body's absorption of calcium; In addition, the content of saturated fatty acids in red meat is very high, which will combine with calcium in the gastrointestinal tract to form insoluble fat, reducing the absorption rate of calcium.
5, excessive consumption of chocolate: This reason may be because chocolate contains oxalate and sugar. Oxalic acid can reduce the absorption of calcium, sugar is related to the metabolism of calcium, and calcium plays an important role in maintaining bone health.
6. Drinking: Studies have found that excessive drinking can obviously lead to male osteoporosis. This may be because ethanol inhibits bone formation, while excessive ethanol inhibits the intake of intestinal protein and reduces the secretion of androgen, while low male androgen level will cause osteoporosis.