1. The difference between capital and capital reserve in the source of funds. Capital refers to the non-debt funds raised and invested by project investors according to regulations, which will form the registered capital of the project (enterprise) registered in the administrative department for industry and commerce after completion; Capital accumulation fund refers to the difference between the actual capital invested by investors and the capital that should be invested. After the completion of the project, this part of the funds will form the capital accumulation fund of the project (enterprise).
2. Differences between project capital and borrowed funds. As mentioned above, capital is non-debt funds and belongs to the project's own funds; Borrowed funds, whether infrastructure loans, investment loans or bond issuance, belong to the debt funds of the project. This is the fundamental difference between the two.
3. The difference in capital occupation between delivered assets and inventory equipment. Assets delivered for use refer to the value of new assets delivered for use after the completion of the project; Inventory equipment refers to the unused surplus tools and materials in the process of project construction, which belongs to the saving of the project and does not form new assets.
Four. Division and write-off of new assets According to the financial system and relevant regulations, new assets are divided into five categories according to their nature: fixed assets, current assets, intangible assets, deferred assets and other assets.
1, fixed assets. Fixed assets refer to assets with a service life of more than one year and a unit value above the specified standard (such as 65,438+0,000 yuan or 65,438+0, 500 yuan or 2,000 yuan), and keep the original material form during use; Including buildings, electromechanical equipment, transportation equipment, tools and appliances, etc. Assets that do not meet the above two conditions at the same time are low-value consumables and should be included in the scope of current assets, such as tools, appliances, furniture, etc.
2. Current assets. Current assets refer to assets that can be realized or used within one year or a business cycle of more than one year, including cash and various inventories, receivables and prepayments.
3. Intangible assets. Intangible assets refer to assets that have been used by enterprises for a long time but have no physical form, including patents, copyrights, non-patented technologies and goodwill.
4. Deferred assets. Deferred assets refer to expenses that cannot be fully included in the current year's profit and loss, but should be amortized in future years, including start-up expenses, expenditure on improvement projects leased into fixed assets (such as transformation, renewal and transformation, etc.). ), etc.
5. Other assets. Other assets refer to special substances approved by the state for special purposes but not involved in production and operation, frozen deposits and frozen objects in banks, and property involved in litigation.
(A) the calculation of the value of new fixed assets
The calculation is based on a single project. When the single project is completed and accepted and officially handed over to production, the value of new fixed assets should be calculated.
1. When calculating the value of newly-added fixed assets, we must first make clear its scope. The value of new fixed assets includes three contents, namely, the cost of Jian 'an project delivered for use, the cost of equipment and tools meeting the standard of fixed assets, and other expenses (including the cost of land acquisition and demolition (i.e. land compensation fee, compensation fee for ground attachments and young crops, resettlement fee, relocation fee, etc.). Payment for obtaining indefinite land use right by allocation), joint examination freight, survey and design fee, project feasibility study fee, relocation fee of construction organization, and loss fee of scrapped project.
(II) Determination of the value of current assets In the determination of the value of current assets, it is mainly the determination of inventory value. It is necessary to distinguish whether it is purchased or homemade. The calculation of inventory value obtained by the two methods is different.
(1) Monetary funds, namely cash, bank deposits and other monetary funds (including funds deposited in other places, funds in transit that have not yet been received, bank drafts and promissory notes). They are all included in current assets according to the actual recorded value.
(2) Receivables and prepayments. Including project receivable, sales receivable, other receivables, bills receivable and prepaid subcontracting project funds, prepaid subcontracting project preparation funds, prepaid project funds, prepaid preparation funds, prepaid purchase funds and prepaid expenses. The determination of its value is generally recorded according to the actual transaction amount or the amount agreed in the contract when the receivables and prepayments enterprises sell goods, products or provide services.
(3) All kinds of inventories refer to all kinds of self-made and purchased goods, including all kinds of equipment, consumed and stored during the construction of construction projects; Low-value consumables and other commodities. Determination of its value: if it is purchased, it shall be priced according to the purchase price plus transportation fees, handling fees, insurance fees, reasonable loss on the way, processing or sorting before warehousing, and paid taxes; Self-made, according to the actual costs incurred in the manufacturing process.
(III) Determination of the value of intangible assets The valuation of intangible assets shall be based on the actual cost at the time of acquisition in principle. Mainly to clarify the contents of intangible assets such as patent right, trademark right and land use right.
(1) Pricing of patent rights. Patents are divided into self-made and outsourcing. The value of self-made patent right is the actual expenditure in the development process. When a patent is transferred (including purchase and sale), its value mainly includes the transfer price and the handling fee. Because patent is an exclusive factor of production that can bring excess profits, its transfer price should be valued not according to its cost, but according to the excess profits it brings.
② Valuation of non-patented technology. Non-patented technology refers to advanced, undisclosed and unpatented professional knowledge and unique experience with certain proprietary technology or technical secrets and know-how, which can bring economic benefits, and it also includes self-made and outsourcing. Non-patented technology outsourcing should be evaluated after it is confirmed by a statutory evaluation agency. Generally, it is evaluated by the income it generates, and its method is similar to patented technology. Self-made non-patented technology is generally not allowed to be accounted for as intangible assets, and the expenses incurred in the process of self-made can be directly treated as current expenses according to the new financial system. This is because it is difficult to determine whether the non-patented technology is successful or not, so the treatment conforms to the principle of robustness.
③ The value of trademark right. Trademark right is the rights and interests that the trademark owner enjoys according to law after trademark registration and is protected by law. Can be divided into self-made and purchase (transfer). When an enterprise purchases and transfers a trademark, the valuation of the trademark right is generally determined according to the new income of the licensee. Although self-created trademarks cost a certain amount in trademark design, production, registration protection and advertising, they cannot be accounted for as intangible assets, but are directly included in the profit and loss of the current income statement as sales expenses.
④ Evaluation of land use right. There are two ways to obtain the land use right, and there are also two valuation methods: first, the transfer fee paid by the construction unit to obtain the land use right with a time limit through transfer should be included in the accounting; Second, the land use right originally obtained by the construction unit through administrative allocation cannot be included in intangible assets, but can only be included in intangible assets after the land use right is transferred, leased, mortgaged, invested at a fixed price and paid the land transfer fee according to regulations.
Intangible assets shall be amortized in installments within the limited service life after being recorded.
(d) The determination of the value of deferred assets is mainly about the valuation of start-up expenses. Organization expenses refer to other expenses that are not included in the fixed assets in the management fee of the construction unit during the preparation period, such as personnel salaries, office expenses, travel expenses, training fees for production personnel, interest expenses, etc.
(1) Evaluation of organization expenses. Other expenses of fixed assets that are not included in the management fee of the construction unit during the preparation period, such as the funds of the construction unit, including the wages and office expenses of the staff during the preparation period; Travel expenses, printing fees, training fees for production personnel, sample prototype purchase fees, land reclamation fees, registration fees and exchange gains and losses and interest expenses that are not included in the purchase and construction costs of fixed assets and intangible assets. According to the provisions of the new financial system, except for the net exchange loss that is not included in the asset value during the preparation period, the start-up expenses will be amortized into the management expenses from the next month of the month when the enterprise starts production and operation, according to a period of not less than 5 years.
(2) Valuation of expenditure on fixed assets improvement projects leased by operating lease. The expenditure of fixed assets improvement project leased from operating lease refers to the expenditure of renovation, renewal and reconstruction to increase the utility of fixed assets leased from operating lease or extend their service life. During the validity period of the lease, the manufacturing expenses or management expenses are amortized according to the purpose (production and operation).
(5) Evaluation of other assets. Mainly based on the actual recorded value.
The division and approval of new assets are mainly carried out in the following aspects: 1. Understand the concepts and division principles of various assets, and find out the differences between them, especially the differences between fixed assets and current assets, current assets and deferred assets.
2. Define the allocation method of other expenses for increasing fixed assets.
3. Understand the valuation principles of intangible assets, especially the valuation of land use rights. It should be understood that the land use right obtained through administrative allocation (free acquisition) cannot be accounted as intangible assets, and can only be counted as intangible assets after the land use right is used as an investment and the land transfer fee is paid. Turn around. Understand the calculation method, especially the allocation method of other expenses. According to the regulations, other expenses for increasing fixed assets shall be shared by the beneficiary individual projects according to a certain proportion. Its basic principles are as follows: the management fee of the construction unit is shared by the total value of the construction project, installation project and equipment to be installed in proportion; Land requisition fee, survey and design fee, etc. Allocate only according to construction projects.
3. Calculation of the value of new fixed assets. The calculation takes a single project as the object, and when the single project is completed and accepted by the relevant departments and officially handed over to production, the value of new fixed assets is calculated. For projects delivered for production or use at one time, the value of new fixed assets shall be calculated at one time; For projects delivered for production or use by stages, the value of new fixed assets shall be calculated by stages.