From 4000 BC to 2000 BC, that is, Yangshao culture in the early Neolithic period to early summer, this period experienced a long period of 2000 years, which was the enlightenment period of China traditional wine. Brewing water wine with fermented grains was the main form of wine making at that time.
Jiusheng Du Kang
From the Xia Dynasty in 2000 BC to the Qin Dynasty in 200 BC, it lasted 1800 years, which was the growth period of China traditional wine. During this period, due to fire, six animals and five grains appeared, and the invention of distiller's yeast made China the first country in the world to make wine with distiller's yeast. The export of grains, wine and other varieties, as well as the emergence of Du Kang and Yidi, have laid a solid foundation for the development of traditional wine in China. During this period, the brewing industry was greatly developed and valued, and the government set up a special brewing institution, and the wine was controlled by the government. Wine has become the enjoyment of emperors and princes, and the "meat forest wine pool" has become a portrayal of the life of slave owners. At present, although wine is popular, it is not popular. The scope of drinking is mainly limited to the upper class of society, but even at the upper class, people tend to be wary of drinking. Because in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were people who messed up politics and destroyed the country and the room with wine and color; At the turn of the Qin and Han Dynasties, a counselor set up the "Hongmen Banquet". Wine was introduced into political struggle and regarded as "evil" by honest politicians. Therefore, the development of the wine industry has been affected to some extent.
From the Qin Dynasty in 200 BC to the Northern Song Dynasty in 1000 A.D., it lasted 1200 years, which was the maturity of China traditional wine. During this period, scientific and technological works such as Qi Shu and Liquor Law appeared. Famous wines such as Xinfeng wine and lanling wine began to emerge; Yellow rice wine, fruit wine, medicinal liquor and wine have also developed; Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Du Mu, Su Dongpo and other wine culture celebrities come forth in large numbers. Various factors have promoted the development of traditional wine in China to enter a glorious golden age. The prosperity of wine began from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is mainly due to the wars and disputes that lasted for more than two centuries at that time, and many frustrated people and literati emerged within the ruling class, advocating empty talk, not asking about political affairs, drowning their sorrows by drinking and drinking too much, which made the wine industry flourish. By the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the wine industry was more prosperous, and drinking was not only popular in the upper class, but also spread to ordinary people. The flourishing age of Han and Tang Dynasties and the rise of non-land trade between Europe and Asia made Chinese and western wine cultures penetrate each other, which further laid the foundation for the invention and development of China liquor.
The Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1000) to the end of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1840) lasted for 840 years, which was the improvement period of China traditional wine. At the same time, distillers from the Western Regions were introduced into China, which led to the world-famous invention of China liquor. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen said in the Compendium of Materia Medica: "Soju is not an ancient law, and its law was founded in the Yuan Dynasty." It is also reported that "shochu started in the Dading period of Jin Shizong (1 16 1)". Distilled liquor with high alcohol content quickly became popular. Over the past 800 years, white wine, yellow wine, fruit, Portuguese wine and Chinese medicine have been developing, while China white wine has penetrated into life and become a widely accepted drink.
From 1840 to now, it has lasted for 150 years, which is the reform period of China traditional wine. During this period, the advanced brewing technology in the west and the traditional brewing technology in China competed for each other, making our winery blossom and spring is beautiful; Beer, brandy, whisky, vodka, sake and other foreign wines have taken root in China. The output of new wine varieties, such as Zhuyeqing, Acanthopanax Senticosus and Fish Cake Roast, increased rapidly. Traditional rice wine and liquor are also dazzling, each with its own characteristics. Especially in the later period of this period, that is, more than 40 years since the founding of New China, the brewing industry in China has entered an unprecedented era of prosperity.
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The invention history of beer
Bottled beer 1568 was invented in London.
Munich
Germany not only consumes the largest amount of beer, but also produces a very rich variety. There are super dark beer, low-sugar beer, red beer, white beer, cigarette beer, ice cream beer and so on. The beer you drink every day is just one kind of beer, that is, Lager, a mature beer with light taste. This kind of beer was invented by people in Munich, Prague and Vienna around 19 century, and its current sales account for 90% of the total beer sales in the world.
There are more than 750 breweries in Bavaria, among which 1040 established Wien Stefan National Brewery is the oldest brewery in the world, brewing black and white Axport beer, March beer, stout beer, Bilson beer, Raul beer and cold malt beer. Although there are many breweries in Germany, the production scale is not particularly large. The reason is to provide fresh beer for nearby residents. In order to have a personal understanding of the style and taste of beer, every brewer takes his secret recipe as a treasure and never tells it to others, but they have an agreement that beer should be brewed according to the purity stipulated by Duke William IV in 15 16. According to this regulation, only barley, hops, yeast and water are allowed in beer production, and others cannot be added.
The history of red wine
Duras said in Lover: "Wine makes loneliness sound." Wine has precipitated too much masculinity passed down from generation to generation, except red wine.
Women are born to understand red wine, or red wine is predestined friends with women. Women are not only better at planting and brewing than men, but also better at tasting and selling than men. When it comes to red wine, we often think of the image of a woman. According to legend, Bacchus, the most cultural god in ancient Rome, invented wine, which made thousands of women worship almost crazily. Whenever Dionysus travels, he is always accompanied by a group of fairies. These fairies are singing and dancing while drinking, which shows that the origin of red wine is closely related to women. It is not surprising that modern women treasure red wine as a magical thing.
But in history, I think women even had to risk their lives for a sip of wine.
In the Roman Empire, women already liked wine, but it was strictly forbidden. Seneca once described women's passion for wine in the Roman Empire as follows: "We women, like men, drank in the dark with full glasses in our hands.". Unfortunately, however, the hero lost his mind for the sake of wine. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, all kinds of Martin customs were swept away, and women became more and more inseparable from wine. Drinking is no longer a sneaky thing for them, and they are often entangled with men. According to the writer Claudius Arenas, men can only drink under the table. Regarding women and wine, he said, "It's not good for women to drink too much. They lose consciousness easily. In addition, wine will make women lose the liveliness that men love. "
According to Christianity, Saint-Cyr hildegarde (1098- 1 179) began to use wine for treatment. In her prescription, more than 30 kinds are made with wine. Red wine began to lift the ban on women. Saint-Cyr Degard allowed nuns to ration more precious wine every day, and her successor, Benedictine nuns, took root in the Rhine Valley. Today, their monastery still deals in wine. But the nuns themselves are only allowed to enjoy a glass of wine at lunch on Sunday.
Times have changed, and now women can't live without red wine. Especially for the French, wine is as essential as bread. In the eyes of the French, wine is not used to satisfy hunger and thirst, but to enjoy it. According to statistics, every Frenchman consumes 66 liters of wine every year. Baudelaire said: "If there is no wine on the earth, people's health and spirit will be blank. This kind of blank is more serious than any kind of harm, because people are born to enjoy wine. Anyone who has never tasted wine, whether active or passive, is either a fool or a fool. "
smoke
China's earliest dictionary Shuowen wrote: "Smoke makes people angry." The original meaning of smoke is internal heat, which is the gas produced when an article burns. As a result, many words related to tobacco have emerged, such as common smoke, haze, fireworks, smoke waves, smoke, smoke springs, smoke willows, smoke islands, smoke paths, smoke pools, smoke snow, tobacco fields, smoke villages, smoke suburbs, smoke clouds, smoke scenes and so on. In modern times, people in China gradually called it smoke.
A lot of "tobacco" in ancient literature is not what we call "tobacco" now. For example, in the Tang Dynasty's "Jing Yang Jing Fu", there is a saying that "Taicheng broke the smoke spring and the old well lacked moss"; In Xiao Yuan, a land tour in the Song Dynasty, there was a saying that "Xiao Yuan tobacco meets its neighbors, and mulberries wither", but these "tobacco" all refer to grass covered with tobacco, which means creeping weeds. The word "tobacco" was used in Fang Yizhi's Physics Notes in the Ming Dynasty, which is the earliest expression of the name "tobacco" in today's literature.
The name "smoke" does not exist in the Philippines or anywhere else. As one of the four poems about tobacco written by Jin's author: "Luzon went to the roots and the grass began to worship cigarettes again." According to research, the popular tobacco in India is all kinds of so-called ordinary tobacco (safflower tobacco) today. However, different regions have different names. For example, the West Indies is called Yori, Brazil is called Bidongmu, Mexico is called Yetel and Cuba is called Koiva.
Because Columbus and his followers were most surprised by this new thing they saw, it was the behavior of people inhaling smoke, not the lit tobacco itself, so the name that left the deepest impression on this group of people was what Indians called "Tabaco". In fact, this is a kind of "Ya"-shaped plant hollow tube (with cigarettes at the bottom and two tubes facing two nostrils) that Indians inhale smoke by hand, and it is also the name of pipe or tobacco rod. This group of adventurers followed the Indian pronunciation and called this pipe and inhaled tobacco this name, which is the origin of Spanish "Tabaco". After tobacco was brought back to Europe, it was written as "Tabacco" in English, which became the general name of tobacco in most parts of the world.
Then, why don't China cultural circles act according to the world-wide name, but call it cigarettes? This is of course due to the smoke produced by smoking, but also due to fire, which is an internal heat. Japanese call it "Tambagu", also known as smoke, and this word was imported into China from the sea. Li Shihong clearly wrote in "Notes on Ren Shutang": "The name of cigarettes began in Japan and spread to Shima, Zhangzhou." Of course, the names of tobacco and tobacco leaves also come from this.
Today, cigarettes are usually called cigarettes, and sometimes in real life, they also refer to tobacco and tobacco industry.
According to the research of archaeologists, smoking was recorded as early as 1800 BC to 2000 BC.
1492, two crew members of Columbus, Jerez and Torres, discovered that Cuban natives lit dry cigarettes and smoked the smoke they emitted. Jerez tried smoking. He became the first smoker in Europe.
15 18 years, Spanish explorers discovered that Aztecs and Mayans smoked grass with empty reeds, and the Spanish also learned to smoke, so the first cigarette was produced.
16 12 years, John Rolver planted the first acre of commercial tobacco in Virginia, USA.
1843, French tobacco companies began to produce Spanish-style cigarettes, which were officially named "cigarettes" in French, hence the word "English cigarettes".
188 1 year, and the cigarette making machine with a daily output of 120000 was patented. Before that, cigarettes were all made by hand.
65438-0924, American Reader's Digest first published an article reminding people that smoking is harmful to health.
1966, a new sign began to be printed on American cigarette packaging: be careful! Smoking is harmful to health.
The tobacco industry has provided 2.3 million jobs for Americans, and these people have brought more jobs to the medical, fire fighting, laundry, pharmaceutical and other industries.
Archaeologists found in Palo City, Arizona, USA that in 650 AD, there were large pieces of tobacco leaves, side-by-side pipes and residual soot in the caves where Indians lived. These relics, after instrumental analysis, contain nicotine, which is inferred to be tobacco leaves.
Archaeologists once found a hollow straw with a tube in a cave at an altitude of 4000 feet in the Madre Mountains of Mexico, which was proved to be the product of 700 years ago by radioactive measurement. If so, it is not only more than 200 years earlier than Columbus' discovery, but also the originator of modern cigarettes. However, this historical miracle remains to be further verified by archaeologists.