Contrary to the buyer's monopoly, the monopolist can adjust the price and output at will (not at the same time) in the market, which can be realized through legal exclusive privilege, control of the supply of goods or joint or cooperative behavior between enterprises.
On April 5, 2002165438, the General Administration of Market Supervision imposed an administrative penalty on Yang Zijiang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., and imposed a fine of 3% of its annual sales in 20 18, amounting to 764 million yuan.
The word monopoly comes from Mencius, which says that "monopoly must be sought and made public in order to control the market".
At first, it refers to manipulating trade from the commanding heights of the market, and later it refers to holding and monopolizing.
China has called monopoly "monopoly" since ancient times. In ancient China, salt, iron and tea were monopolized by the government for a long time. Because of huge profits, once the country has a financial crisis, it is inevitable to implement a monopoly system to supplement the shortage of national use.
In capitalist economy, monopoly means that a few large capitalist enterprises manipulate and control the production, sales and prices of goods in one or several departments through mutual agreements or alliances in order to obtain high profits.
According to the provisions of China's Anti-monopoly Law, monopolistic behavior refers to the behavior that excludes or restricts competition and may exclude or restrict competition. [ 1]
Monopoly industry refers to the situation that there is only one or several manufacturers in an industry or market. Monopoly market refers to a market organization with only one or several manufacturers in the whole industry.
The book "Political Economy" refers to the fact that a few capitalist enterprises manipulate and control the production or circulation of commodities in one or several departments by means of agreements, alliances, alliances, equity participation, etc. with their huge capital and sufficient production and operation scale and market share, so as to obtain high profits.
It is generally believed that the basic reason of monopoly is the entry barrier, that is, the monopoly manufacturer can maintain its position as the only seller in the market because other enterprises cannot enter the market and compete with it.
Monopoly refers to the alliance of a few big capitalists in order to control the production, sales and business activities of one or several departments in order to obtain high monopoly profits. It is the deepest economic foundation of imperialism and the economic essence of imperialism.
Monopoly grew up from the free competition of government protectionism. In the stage of capitalist development characterized by free competition, in order to grab more surplus value, capitalist enterprises will inevitably adopt advanced production technology and scientific management methods, implement specialization and cooperation in production and improve labor productivity; In the fierce competition, large enterprises often crowd out and annex small and medium-sized enterprises by virtue of their own economic advantages, so that the production of means of production, labor and labor products is increasingly concentrated in their own hands. At the same time, the capitalist credit system and the development of joint-stock companies have broken through the limitation of single capital, accelerated the development of capital concentration, and thus promoted the development of production concentration. The centralized development of production and capital means the reduction of the number of enterprises to a certain extent. 1 Most of the production of the department is concentrated in the hands of several or dozens of large enterprises, and it is easier for them to reach an agreement, and * * * controls the production and sales of the department, which may form a monopoly; Due to the existence of a few large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are in a dominant position. In order to avoid mutual losses in competition and ensure mutual profits, a few large enterprises will also seek temporary compromises and reach certain agreements, thus making the emergence of monopoly necessary. Free competition leads to production concentration, and the development of production concentration to a certain extent will inevitably lead to monopoly, which is the general law and basic law of the development of free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, monopoly has become the foundation of all capitalist economic life.
In the development of capitalist economy, free competition leads to concentrated production, and when it reaches a certain stage, it will inevitably lead to monopoly. When monopoly replaces free competition and occupies a dominant position in economic life, capitalism develops to the stage of imperialism, that is, monopoly capitalism.
There are three main reasons for the formation of monopoly:
Natural monopoly: the cost of production makes one producer more efficient than a large number of producers. This is the most common form of monopoly.
Resource monopoly: key resources are owned by one enterprise (such as the dubbing industry of wireless TV).
Administrative monopoly: The government gives enterprises the exclusive right to produce a certain product or service.
There is also a monopoly by the government itself, which is called monopoly.
Franchise
Some exclusive franchise privileges are stipulated and protected by law, and patent rights and copyrights are monopolies permitted by law. In order to encourage invention, most countries have patent laws, which shows that patent monopoly is caused by legal barriers. In some cases, the government grants exclusive rights to manufacturers; Sometimes the government grants the privilege of exclusive operation by bidding for contracts after competition.
Natural monopoly
If a product needs a lot of fixed equipment investment, and mass production can greatly reduce the cost, then a large manufacturer may become the only manufacturer in the industry. When a large manufacturer supplies all the market demand, the average cost is the lowest, and it is difficult for two or more manufacturers to make a profit in this market. In this case, the manufacturer has formed a natural monopoly.
Strategic monopoly
If no one has certain production technology or know-how except monopolists, the market will naturally form a technological monopoly. In the absence of technical barriers and legal barriers, manufacturers build barriers to establish or consolidate their monopoly position, which is strategic monopoly.
Other monopoly barriers
The above obstacles are not exhaustive, nor are they necessarily mutually exclusive. If the manufacturer controls the supply of a certain raw material. Any barrier that prevents competitors from entering the market is the cause of monopoly.
Monopoly competition relationship
Monopoly, which grew up from free competition, did not eliminate competition, but coexisted above it. Under the rule of monopoly, not only do non-monopoly enterprises still have free competition in a certain range, but monopoly itself will inevitably produce new and more intense competition. There is fierce and complicated competition among monopoly organizations, among participants within monopoly organizations and between monopoly organizations and non-monopoly enterprises. Within the monopoly organization, the capitalists who participate in cartels and syndicates must compete for favorable sales markets and occupy a larger share of production and sales. Capitalists who participated in the trust and Kangzern also had to compete fiercely for the control of monopoly organizations. There is also fierce competition among monopoly organizations in order to consolidate their economic status and compete for sales markets, raw material sources and investment places. At the same time, monopoly organizations always want to control, crowd out and stifle external enterprises, and external enterprises have to fight against monopoly organizations for their own survival. Of course, there is free competition between them. Monopoly organizations can maintain and strengthen their position only if they continue to compete and win. On the other hand, competition constantly produces new monopoly organizations, strengthens the strength of monopoly capital and expands the scope of monopoly rule. The coexistence of monopoly and all kinds of competition has produced many particularly sharp contradictions, frictions and conflicts, further intensifying the inherent contradictions of capitalism. [2]
Development of monopoly
Monopoly itself is constantly developing in all aspects. Judging from the scope of monopoly rule, monopoly organizations mainly existed in heavy industries such as coal, steel and oil at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the scope of monopoly rule has been extended to light industry, transportation, commerce, agriculture and even various service industries. Judging from the degree of monopoly, the scale of monopoly enterprises is expanding, the proportion of production of a few largest monopoly enterprises in social production is increasing, and a series of important industrial sectors are increasingly controlled by a few or even one largest monopoly enterprise. Judging from the form of monopoly rule, more and more large-scale monopoly enterprises, especially after the Second World War, have combined many unrelated industries to become mixed joint ventures. This has further expanded the direct control and influence scope of a few large monopoly enterprises and strengthened their dominant position in social and economic life. After the war, transnational corporations have increasingly become the main form of international monopoly and the new development of the international domination form of monopoly capital. The development of monopoly, even if capitalist production moves towards full socialization, has further deepened the basic contradiction of capitalism, prepared material conditions for the transition of capitalism to a more advanced socialist system, and provided a powerful impetus.