Taking soldiers as the basic military establishment unit is the same as that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At the same time, there are also combat preparations suitable for combat, such as the "chariot system". Usually, a chariot is equipped with 10 soldiers, 20 infantry, 3 main men in the vehicle, the spear bearer on the right, the bow bearer on the left, the imperial guard in the middle, the horse driving, and the rest for preparation and protection.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many new arms appeared, such as Chu, Wu, Yue and other state-owned navies. A ship was equipped with soldiers and special rowers with different weapons such as bows, bows, halberds, swords and shields. Later, cavalry, ladder soldiers and slingshot soldiers who can fight independently were developed, more arms and services were added, and the scope of operations was expanded. "The equipment, organization, organization, operation and strategy of these arms first depend on the production level and traffic conditions at that time", and they are constantly developing and improving with the rich experience of war. For example, Shang Yang's political reform in the State of Qin took the Tenth Five-Year Plan as the basic unit and practiced sitting together. "Five [ten] people have a commander in chief, and a hundred people have a commander in chief. In their battle, 100 commanders and captains cannot be beheaded; There are more than 33 songs, on Yizhou, a hundred generals, and the first level. " In other words, it is necessary to coordinate military work with martial arts, implement rewards and punishments for sitting together, and give full play to the maximum combat effectiveness of each formation.
The pre-Qin period was the stage of the establishment and development of China's military system. The content of military system in this period can be divided into military training, military organizations and types of soldiers.
In military training, the soldiers at that time were mainly people who ruled the clan, called the people or the people. The training age is about twenty to sixty years old. Sima is in charge of military training, with Rong, Yu Rong and Ma Yu under his command. Military training is often carried out through wild hunting in the four seasons. The hunting in spring, the seedlings in summer, the freshness in autumn and the hunting in winter are all carried out during the slack season.
The content of military training is divided into military actions and skills in using weapons. Belonging to the former, there are actions such as line-up action, individual action, stone throwing, over-distance, etc., that is, throwing and obstacle crossing. Belonging to the latter is the coach who uses five weapons: bow, arrow, spear, dagger and halberd.
Military Organizations According to legend and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, military organizations were organized into brigades and divisions. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the largest establishment of the Royal Army was the division. There are six divisions in the west, eight divisions in Yin and eight divisions in Chengzhou. (One said that the Eighth Division of the Zhou Dynasty was the Eighth Division of the Yin Dynasty), with a total number of twenty-two divisions (or fourteen divisions) and fifty-five thousand (or thirty-five thousand).
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the military establishment expanded and the army appeared. All Hou are basically composed of three armed forces. Each of the three services 1 10,000 people (1.25 million people), * * * 30,000 people. Every army has a general (hereinafter referred to as the general). 2,500 are teachers, including Shi Shuai; 500 people are tourists and coaches; Hundreds of people are pawns, and there are long pawns; Twenty-five people are two, and there are two Sima; Five people are friends and there is a corporal. The general is a general, Shi Shuai is a Chinese doctor, the brigade commander is a doctor, the pawn head is a staff sergeant, and Sima is a sergeant. The commander-in-chief of Zhong Jun is Sima or Marshal, who is the commander-in-chief and commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. China's army is the main force, and the other two armies cooperate with China's army.
There were many wars at that time. Whether the formation layout can meet the war needs of the opposing sides plays an important role in the victory or defeat of the war. Due to the lack of accurate records, it is difficult to understand the military deployment in the pre-Qin period. In the early 1970s, four terracotta warriors and horses pits were discovered on the east side of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. The No.1 pit is the right army, the No.2 pit is Zuo Jun, the No.3 pit is the military curtain, and the unfinished pit is Zhong Jun. Among them, the right army is mainly composed of chariots and infantry. Clearly distinguish between striker, defender, main force and winger. Zuo Jun has crossbowmen, chariots, cavalry and infantry, and it is a joint formation of multiple arms. As the military curtain of the high command, there is a chariot and dozens of guards armed with shackles. Zhong Jun Pit has not yet been built, and its organizational status is unknown. In a word, the discovery of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty can not only understand the basic layout of the three armed forces in the Qin Dynasty, but also reflect the configuration of the three armed forces in various countries during the Warring States Period to some extent.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some countries used flags and clothes of different colors as symbols of the three armed forces and their soldiers for military needs. At the Amethyst Zuling in Liao Wei, the left and right armies used yellow, white and white flags, and the soldiers wore feathers of the same color as the flags of their troops. At the beginning of the Warring States period, the general's name was written on the military flag.
During the Warring States period, soldiers wore badges of different colors and parts to show their position in the ranks. The queue belongs to the foot soldiers of the first to fifth lines. They wear five badges in turn: light, red, yellow, white and black. Soldiers on the front and fifth lines wear badges with names, titles, etc. In different parts of their bodies. Those who lose their badges will be put to death. In Qi Xuanwang, General Zhang Zi changed the badge of the Qi army, which made the Qi army win in the Qin army.
Soldiers of different arms have different clothes. Qin dynasty chariot figurines are heavily armored. Infantry figurines are dressed in short brown or armor, tied with belts, tied with hair and tied with vines (that is, leg binding); Or cotton-padded clothes, a square foot, a pair of shoes or single-beam boots. Cavalry figures wear short armor and boots.
In the pre-Qin period, soldiers could be divided into chariots, apprentices, cavalry and shipmen.
Chariots, warriors in cars. Legend has it that it appeared in the Xia Dynasty. There were also archaeological discoveries of practical chariots in the Yin Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were more chariots and horses. Zhou Xuanwang cut Jingchu and dispatched 3,000 chariots at a time, with about 9,000 chariots. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were 20,000 to 30,000 chariots and hundreds of thousands of chariots in each state, and the war of chariots reached its peak.
There are two kinds of records about how to organize soldiers to fight with chariots in the era of chariot war. There is a lost article in Sima Fa, which reads "Ten people and twenty wagons". There are three soldiers in the car, one on the left uses a bow and arrow, one on the right uses a spear, and the other seven soldiers are with the car. Fifteen soldiers are behind the car. Another article in the same book says that there should be a vehicle, 75 soldiers and a certain amount of military equipment in the area of 64 wells in a mine in Eden. These two records have different interpretations. One view is that the former was compiled by the Zhou Dynasty for actual combat, while the latter was a system of levying military taxes. Another view is that the former and the latter are both prepared in actual combat, and the difference in the number of soldiers is caused by the development of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. However, judging from the No.2 pit (Zuo Jun) in the Qin Dynasty, the number of infantry behind the chariot is generally eight, a few are twenty-eight and a few are thirty-two. Of the above two theories, the former is close to the fact and seems credible. Although the Warring States mainly used soldiers, it did not completely exclude chariots from fighting with chariots. At that time, some countries still had several chariots and chariots.
Soldiers on foot. As far as its development is concerned, it can be divided into two stages: subordinate soldiers and formed soldiers. The former stage was Xia, Shang and Western Zhou, and the latter stage was Warring States. Spring and Autumn is a period of transformation from the former to the latter, but it is more characteristic of the previous stage.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, the calculation of the number of troops was often based on the vehicle multiplier. Although including disciples, but countless. Disciples still belong to cars. During the Spring and Autumn Period, formed soldiers were gradually used to fight. It was the Rong people who first used their disciples to fight independently. Later, Zheng and Jin in the Central Plains also used soldiers to fight, but it was only a temporary measure, and chariots were still the main arms of the army.
During the Warring States period, disciples appeared as independent arms. When sending troops to fight, the number of foot soldiers is often as high as 100 thousand to hundreds of thousands. In the middle and late Warring States period, Qin and Chu had millions of soldiers, and Korea, Zhao, Qi, Yan and Wei each had 200,000 to several hundred thousand soldiers, making the total number of soldiers in the seven countries more than three million. At this time, the number of soldiers was used instead of cars, which shows that apprentices had become the main arms at that time. Crossbowman is a new unit belonging to disciples. Crossbows first appeared in Chu, Wu, Yue and other countries at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. By the early and middle Warring States period, it had been widely used. The crossbow equipped by Wei's army weighs twelve stones. South Korea is famous for its strong bow and crossbow.
Cavalry, soldiers on horseback. There are different opinions about its appearance time. One opinion is that there may be cavalry in Shang dynasty; However, another view is that cavalry appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, mixed with chariots. For example, Zhi Bo, who ruled the Qing Dynasty by the rulers, wanted to besiege Zhao, and Zhao Xiangzi sent Yan Lingsheng with troops and cavalry to Jinyang for fortification. Since then, cavalry has been developed. In 307 BC, King Wuling of Zhao rode and shot in Hu clothes, and ordered the army to adopt Hu people's clothes, put on short coats, tie belts, put on hooks and boots, and train the skills of riding and shooting. In the past five years, generals, doctors, sons and local officials have been ordered to put on clothes to further promote Khufu's riding and shooting. At the same time, other countries have also established cavalry units, with a scale of 5000 to 10000, which are used to fight against cloth and chariots. There are no cavalry figures in the first pit of Qin terracotta warriors and horses; The second pit is a mixed queue of four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding, in which only 1 16 cavalry figures are found. It can be seen that cavalry is a minority. Cavalry can be used to surprise, charge, or fight against Rong Di who is good at riding and shooting.
According to different battlefields, cavalry is organized in different ways. In the plain, five riders are in a row; In a dangerous place, thirty riders and sixty riders are a group. There are two pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, with four riders as a group, twelve riders as a column, eight columns (ninety-six riders) and six chariots forming a rectangular cavalry array.
Sailors refer to troops carried by ships. It was used by some southern princes, such as Wu and Chu, but it was only used to transport troops and did not directly go into battle. After the Qin dynasty, in order to unify the whole country, a boat division was established. Qin Zhou's boat is bigger. A ship can carry 50 people and March grain, and it travels more than 300 miles every day. In 280 BC, Sima Cuo, a general of the Qin Dynasty, attacked the State of Chu, led a hundred thousand troops and carried 600 meters along the river with ten thousand warships, which was quite impressive.
During the Warring States period, the division of labor in the army was meticulous. According to "Six Towers Wang Yi", in addition to the commander-in-chief, there are military minds (strategizing), counselors, astronomers (observing the stars and climate), geographical location (knowing the terrain), the art of war, food and grass supply, courage (selecting talents and appointing people), waving flags (leading the raiders) and wrist-wrestling (commanding the military).