Cars are usually used as trailers for carrying and towing passengers and goods, and some have been modified or equipped with special equipment to become special vehicles for completing specific transportation tasks or operational tasks, but they do not include machinery specially used for agriculture.
Full trailers and semi-trailers do not have their own power devices. They only belong to the automobile category when they form an automobile train with a tractor. 1885 is a decisive breakthrough in automobile invention. Ben Ci, who was in the same factory as Daimler at that time, was also studying cars. 1885, he and Daimler built a gasoline engine almost at the same time, installed it on a car, and drove at a speed of 12 km/h, which was successful.
Jet propelled
1680, Newton, a famous British scientist, conceived a scheme of a jet car, which used steam from a nozzle to propel the car, but failed to make it into a real object.
steam power
1769, a Frenchman, N·J· Juno, built a three-wheeled car driven by steam generated by gas combustion. However, the speed of this kind of car is only 4 kilometers per hour, and it is very troublesome to stop and add coal to the boiler every 15 minutes. Later, the car crashed into a brick wall during a trip and was smashed to pieces.
1879, German worker
Karl benz.
Engineer karl benz successfully tested a two-stroke experimental engine for the first time. 1June, 883, founded "Ben Ci Company and Rheinland Gas Engine Factory". 1in June, 885, he manufactured the first Ben Ci patented motor vehicle in Mannheim, which was a three-wheeled vehicle with a two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline engine of 0.9 HP. This car has some basic characteristics of modern cars, such as spark ignition, water cooling cycle and steel tube frame. 18861On October 29th, German engineer karl benz applied for a patent for his motor vehicle. In June165438+1October of the same year, Karl Benz obtained the German patent (patent number: 37435a). This is considered to be the first modern car in the world. For the above reasons, people generally take 1886 as the first year of automobile, and some scholars take the year when Carl Benz made the first three-wheeled automobile (1885) as the year when the automobile was born.
Wind vehicle
1829, James of England invented a steam car with a speed of 25 kilometers per hour, which can be used as a large car. This kind of car is equipped with a heavy boiler, adding a lot of coal, emitting black smoke, polluting streets, making rumbling noise and frequent accidents. 1860, French worker Lou Noel invented the internal combustion engine, and used a gas engine with a horsepower of about/kloc-0 to drive the car, but the effect was not good. However, cars are produced under the influence of this internal combustion engine. Since then, many people want to improve the internal combustion engine and use it in cars. From 65438 to 0882, German engineer William Daimler began to study internal combustion engines. He invented an automatic ignition device that uses electric spark to ignite the engine. Then, on the basis of this invention, he made an excellent gasoline engine. This kind of engine rotates 900 revolutions per minute, which is simple and compact in structure and can generate great power. 1883, Daimler completed this gasoline engine, and the next year began to assemble it on two-wheelers, tricycles and four-wheelers to make a gasoline-powered car. In particular, the gasoline engine four-wheel truck made by 1886 is equipped with an engine of L.5 horsepower, and the speed reaches18 km/h. ..
petrol
Mercedes G55 AMG
1885 is a decisive breakthrough in automobile invention. Ben Ci, who was in the same factory as Daimler at that time, was also studying cars. 1885, he and Daimler built a gasoline engine almost at the same time, installed it on a car, and drove at a speed of 12 km/h, which was successful. This year, the British housekeeper also invented a car with a gasoline engine. In addition, Bernard of Italy also invented the automobile, and Puchilov and Vorobov of Russia invented the internal combustion engine automobile.
force
The world's first research on electric vehicles was conducted by Hungarian engineer Anush Jedlik? Telex device completed by nyos Jedlik in 1828 laboratory. The first truly manufactured electric car was invented by American Anderson between 1832 and 1839.
The battery used in this electric car is relatively simple and cannot be charged. 1899, the German Porsche invented the hub motor, which replaced the chain drive that was widely used in cars at that time. soon
Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle is developed, which uses lead-acid battery as power source and is directly driven by front wheel hub motor. This is also the first car named after Porsche. 1900 At the Paris World Expo, the car was damaged by Toujours-
Contente's name appeared at the scene, which was a sensation.
Subsequently, Porsche also loaded two hub motors on the rear wheel of Lohner-Porsche, thus giving birth to the world's first four-wheel drive electric vehicle. However, the battery of this car is bulky and heavy, with a top speed of only 60 kilometers per hour. In order to solve these problems, Porsche added an internal combustion engine to the electric car 1902, which is the first hybrid vehicle in the world.
/kloc-in 0/620, the Italian Blanca invented ""to drive a unicycle. 1766, the British inventor james watt (1736- 18 19) improved the steam engine and started the first industrial revolution.
Ferdinand Ferdinand verbiest, a Jesuit, designed a car powered by steam for the then Emperor China in 1672. It's a toy car with a length of 65cm. It can't carry people or drive. It is uncertain whether the designed car will be manufactured successfully later. This may be the first car designed.
1769, French army engineer Nicolas-Joseph Cogenhoe made the first car driven by a steam engine. Due to the failure of the steering system during the test run, it crashed into the wall of the San slave arsenal, which was the first motor vehicle accident in the world 177 1 year, Nicolas Joseph juniu improved the steam car, which can reach 9.5000m/h and haul 4-5 tons of goods.
1794, streeter, an Englishman, first put forward the idea of mixing fuel and air to make a mixture for combustion. 1796, the Italian scientist Volts invented the world's first storage battery, which brought a historic turning point to the birth and development of automobiles. 180 1 year, French Leben put forward the principle of gas engine.
1803, the French engineer Trevico (177 1- 1833) adopted a new type of high-pressure steam engine, which can take 8 people, with an average speed of 13km. Since then, cars driven by steam engines have been applied in practice.
1838, the British inventor Hennert invented the world's first internal combustion engine ignition device, which was called "a revolution in the history of world automobile development" by the world.
1860, Lionel, a French electrical engineer, made the first gas engine that ignited gas with electric spark. 1862, French electrical engineer Lionel invented the two-stroke internal combustion engine. Others began to study the four-stroke engine.
1867, German engineer Nikos Otto (1832- 189 1) successfully developed the world's first reciprocating piston four-stroke gas engine. 1876, Kauros Otto made the first four-stroke internal combustion engine, and made a single-cylinder horizontal 3 kW internal combustion engine with a compression ratio of 2.5.
1885, this is the moment when the real modern car was born. This year, German engineer karl benz built a tricycle with a 0.85 horsepower gasoline engine in Mannheim. This car with internal combustion engine is considered to be the real first car in the world, because it is the first car powered by gasoline, not a steam engine.
1886, mannheim patent office approved karl benz to apply for a patent for the tricycle he successfully developed in 1885. This day is called the birth day of modern automobile by most people. The following year, Daimler of Germany made the world's first four-wheel car. Later, Kauros Otto, a German, announced that he would give up the patent of the four-stroke engine, and anyone could make it as needed.
1886 65438+1On October 29th, karl benz won the world's first automobile engine patent. In July of the same year, the world's first four-wheeled car was officially sold. 1888, Emile Rogers, a French bicycle dealer, obtained the license from Mercedes-Benz to start producing commercial vehicles.
The automobile (invented by karl benz) is a modern means of transportation. Other languages are also called "automatic cars", but China is an exception.
According to the latest national standard GB 7258-2012+02,
Automobile motor vehicle
Motor vehicles with four or more wheels are mainly used for:
-transporting people and/or goods (articles);
-Towing vehicles carrying goods (articles) or special-purpose vehicles;
-Special Operations Group.
The term also includes:
A) Vehicles connected to power lines, such as trolleybuses;
B) The whole vehicle shall be equipped with a three-wheeled vehicle with curb weight exceeding 400kg without cab;
C) The whole vehicle shall be equipped with a three-wheeled vehicle with a cab, and the curb weight shall exceed 600kg.
compose
engine
Engine is the power device of automobile, which consists of two parts.
Automobile disassembly plan
The mechanism consists of five systems: crank-connecting rod mechanism, valve train, cooling system, oil supply system, lubrication system, ignition system and starting system, but diesel engine has one less ignition system than gasoline engine.
1. cooling system: generally composed of water tank, water pump, radiator, fan, thermostat, water thermometer and drain switch. There are two cooling methods for automobile engines, namely air cooling and water cooling. Generally, automobile engines are mostly water-cooled.
2. Lubrication system: The engine lubrication system consists of oil pump, filter screen, oil filter, oil circuit, pressure limiting valve, oil gauge, pressure sensitive plug and dipstick.
3. Fuel supply system:
The fuel system of gasoline engine includes fuel tank, gasoline meter, gasoline pipe, gasoline filter, gasoline pump, carburetor, air filter and so on.
The fuel system of diesel engine includes main components such as fuel injection pump, fuel injector and governor, and auxiliary devices such as diesel tank, fuel transfer pump, oil-water separator, diesel filter, fuel injection advance device, high and low pressure oil pipes, etc.
Automobile universal cooling system
4. Starting system: starter and battery.
5. Ignition system: spark plug, high-voltage wire, high-voltage coil, distributor and ignition switch.
6. Crank-connecting rod mechanism: connecting rod, crankshaft, bearing bush, flywheel, piston, piston ring, piston pin and crankshaft oil seal.
7. Valve mechanism: cylinder head, valve cover camshaft, valve intake manifold, exhaust manifold, air filter, muffler and three-way catalytic supercharger.
basis
The chassis consists of transmission system, running system, steering system and braking system.
The function of the chassis is to support and install the assembly of the automobile engine and its components, form the overall shape of the automobile, and accept the power of the engine to make the automobile move and ensure the normal running. The chassis consists of five parts: transmission system, running system, steering system, suspension system and braking system.
Suspension system
1. transmission system: the power generated by the automobile engine is transmitted to the driving wheels through the transmission system. The transmission system has the functions of deceleration, speed change, reversing, power interruption, differential speed between wheels, differential speed between shafts and so on. Working with the engine can ensure the normal running of the car under various working conditions, with good power and economy. It is mainly composed of clutch, transmission, universal joint, transmission shaft and drive axle.
Clutch: Its function is to make the power of the engine smoothly engage or temporarily separate from the transmission device, so as to facilitate the driver to start, stop and shift gears.
Transmission: Transmission is used to realize torque change, speed change, neutral gear and reverse gear, expand the working range of the automobile and make the automobile have better power and economy.
According to the operation mode, the transmission is divided into manual transmission and automatic transmission.
According to the arrangement, the transmission is divided into fixed axis transmission and rotating axis (planet) transmission.
According to the speed change effect, the transmission is divided into step transmission and stepless transmission.
According to the transmission mode, the transmission is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission and electrical transmission.
Fixed-axis transmission generally consists of transmission housing, transmission cover, first shaft, second shaft, intermediate shaft, reverse shaft, gears, bearings and operating mechanism.
2. Driving system: The driving system enables all the assemblies and parts of the automobile to be installed in proper positions to support the whole vehicle and ensure the normal running of the automobile. It consists of frame, axle, suspension and wheels. The function of the drive system is:
1, the power from the transmission system is converted into the driving force of the car through the wheels;
2. Bear and transmit all kinds of forces and moments acting on the wheels by the road surface, and absorb vibration to reduce the impact;
3. Cooperate with the steering system to realize the correct control of automobile running;
4. Support the weight of the whole vehicle.
3. Steering system: The special mechanism used to change or restore the driving direction of the automobile is called the automobile steering system. The basic components of steering system: steering gear, steering control mechanism and steering transmission mechanism.
4. Suspension system: Suspension system is the general name of all the force-transmitting connecting devices between the frame and the axle or wheel, and its function is to transmit the force and torque between the wheel and the frame, buffer the impact force transmitted to the frame or body by the uneven road surface, and attenuate the vibration caused thereby, thus ensuring the smoothness of automobile driving. The typical suspension system structure consists of elastic elements, guiding mechanism and shock absorber, and some structures also include buffer blocks and lateral stabilizer bars. The elastic elements include leaf spring, air spring, spiral automobile suspension spring and torsion bar spring.
5. Braking system: A series of special devices used in automobiles make the outside world (mainly the road surface) exert a certain force on some parts (mainly the wheels) of automobiles, thus forcing braking to a certain extent, which is collectively referred to as braking system. Its function is: to make the moving car slow down or even stop according to the driver's requirements; Make parking stable under various road conditions (including on ramps); Keep the speed of the car downhill stable.
Brake system classification:
A. according to the function of the braking system
The braking system can be divided into service braking system, parking braking system, emergency braking system and auxiliary braking system. The braking system used to slow down or even stop a moving car is called a service braking system. The braking system used to stop the car is called parking braking system. In the case of failure of the service braking system, the braking system that ensures that the car can still slow down or stop is called emergency braking system; During driving, the auxiliary braking system reduces the vehicle speed or keeps the vehicle speed stable, but the braking system of vehicle emergency braking cannot be called the auxiliary braking system. Among the above braking systems, the service braking system and the parking braking system are necessary for every vehicle.
B. according to the braking operation energy.
The braking system can be divided into hand braking system, dynamic braking system and servo braking system. The braking system with the driver's body as the only braking energy source is called hand braking system; A system that completely relies on engine power to convert into potential energy braking in the form of air pressure or hydraulic pressure is called a dynamic braking system; A braking system that uses both human power and engine power for braking is called a servo braking system or an auxiliary braking system.
C. according to the transmission mode of braking energy
Brake system can be divided into mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and electromagnetic. At the same time, the braking system with two energy transfer modes is called combined braking system.
The braking system is generally composed of two main parts: the brake operating mechanism and the brake.
A. brake control mechanism
It produces braking effect, controls braking effect, and transmits braking energy to brakes, brake wheel cylinders and brake pipelines.
B. Brake
A component that generates a force (braking force) that hinders the movement or movement tendency of a vehicle. The brake commonly used in the history of automobile development is called friction brake, which generates braking torque by using the friction between the working surface of fixed parts and rotating parts. It has two structural forms: drum brake and disc brake.
car body
The car body is installed on the frame of the chassis for drivers and passengers to ride or load goods. The body of a car or bus is generally an integral structure, and the body of a truck is generally composed of a cab and a cargo box.
Automobile body structure mainly includes: body shell (body in white), doors, windows, front sheet metal parts, interior and exterior decorative parts and body accessories, seats, ventilation, heating, air conditioning and so on. Trucks and special vehicles also include trucks and other equipment.
1. Body shell (body in white): It is the installation foundation of all body parts, and usually refers to the rigid spatial structure composed of main load-bearing components such as longitudinal members, transverse beams and columns, and the connected sheet metal parts. The skeleton of most passenger cars is obvious, but the skeleton of car body and truck cab is not obvious. Body shell usually includes sound insulation, heat insulation, vibration prevention, corrosion prevention, sealing and other materials and coatings laid on it.
2. Car door: It is installed on the car body shell through hinges, and has a complex structure, which is an important part to ensure the performance of the car body. These sheet metal parts form a space for accommodating parts such as engines and wheels.
3. Exterior body parts: mainly refers to decorative strips, wheel decorative covers, signs, embossed characters, etc. Radiator masks, bumpers, headlights, rearview mirrors and other accessories are also obviously decorative.
4. Interior parts: including instrument panel, ceiling, side walls, seats and other surface coverings, as well as curtains and carpets. Surface decoration materials such as natural fiber or synthetic fiber textiles, artificial leather or multi-layer composite materials, and skin-attached foam plastics are widely used in automobiles. A large number of decorative materials such as fiberboard, cardboard, engineering plastic board, aluminum board, patterned rubber board and composite decorative board are used on buses.
5. Body accessories: door lock, door hinge, glass lifter, various seals, wiper, windshield washer, sun visor, rearview mirror, handle, cigarette lighter, ashtray, etc. Modern cars are often equipped with radios and rod antennas, and some car bodies are also equipped with wireless phones, televisions or microwave ovens and small refrigerators for heating food.
6. Ventilation, heating, cold air and air conditioning devices inside the car body: it is an important device to maintain the normal internal environment of the car and ensure the safety and comfort of drivers and passengers.
7. Seat: It is also one of the important devices inside the car body. The seat consists of a skeleton, a seat cushion, a backrest and an adjusting mechanism. Cushion and backrest should have certain elasticity. The adjustment mechanism can make the seat move back and forth or up and down, and adjust the inclination angle of the seat cushion and backrest. Some seats also have elastic suspension and shock absorbers, which can be adjusted to ensure that the height of the seat cushion from the floor is appropriate under the different weight of the driver. Some truck cabs and buses are also equipped with sleepers suitable for long-distance driving at night.
8. Others: In order to ensure driving safety, modern cars widely use seat belts, headrests, airbags and various cushioning devices to restrain passengers. According to the different types of goods transported, the truck body can be a common rail-plate structure, a platform structure, an inclined structure, a closed car body, a gas-liquid tank and a special container for pneumatic blowing and unloading for transporting bulk goods (grains, powder, etc.). ) or containers of various standard specifications suitable for highway, railway, waterway, air combined transport and international combined transport.
Electrical equipment
Electrical equipment consists of power supply and electrical equipment. The power supply includes storage battery and generator; Electrical equipment includes the starting system of engine, the ignition system of gasoline engine and other electrical equipment.
1. Battery: The function of the battery is to supply power to the starter and to the ignition system and other electrical equipment when the engine starts or runs at low speed. When the engine is running at high speed, the generator generates enough electricity, and the battery can store excess electricity. Each battery cell has a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
Starter structure
2. Starter: Its function is to convert electric energy into mechanical energy, drive the crankshaft to rotate and start the engine. When using the starter, it should be noted that the starting time should not exceed 5 seconds each time, the interval between each use should not be less than 10- 15 seconds, and it should be used continuously for no more than 3 times. If the continuous starting time is too long, it will cause a lot of discharge of the battery and overheating and smoking of the starting coil, which will easily damage the parts.
tyre
Tire is one of the important parts of automobile, which directly contacts the road surface, together with automobile suspension, can reduce the impact of automobile driving and ensure the automobile has good riding comfort. Ensure the good adhesion between the wheels and the road surface, and improve the traction, braking and passability of the car; Bearing the weight of the car, people pay more and more attention to the important role of tires in the car.
performance parameter
1. Vehicle equipment quality (kg): the fully equipped quality of the vehicle, including the quality of all equipment, such as lubricating oil, fuel, vehicle tools and spare tires.
2. Maximum total mass (kg): the total mass when the car is fully loaded.
3. Maximum loaded mass (kg): the maximum loaded mass of the car when it is driving on the road.
4. Maximum axle load mass (kg): the maximum total mass of a single bearing load of an automobile. Related to road trafficability. Try not to hurt acid and alkali objects when using the car.
5. Vehicle length (mm): the distance between two end points in the vehicle length direction.
6. Vehicle width (mm): the distance between the two ends in the vehicle width direction.
7. Car height (mm): the distance from the highest point of the car to the ground.
8. Wheelbase (mm): the distance from the center of the front axle to the center of the rear axle.
9. Wheel track (mm): the distance between the center lines of the left and right tire treads of the same vehicle.
10. Front suspension (mm): the distance from the front end of the car to the center of the front axle.
1 1. Rear suspension (mm): the distance from the rear end of the car to the center of the rear axle.
12. Minimum ground clearance (mm): the distance from the lowest point to the ground when the car is fully loaded.
13. approach angle (): the included angle between the tangent drawn from the protruding point of the front end of the car to the front wheel and the ground.
14. Departure angle (): the angle between the tangent drawn from the protruding point at the rear end of the car and the ground.
15. Turning radius (mm): the radius of the locus circle of the center plane of the automobile outer steering wheel on the vehicle support plane when the automobile turns. The turning radius when the steering wheel is turned to the extreme position is the minimum turning radius.
16. Maximum speed (km/h): the highest speed that the car can reach when driving on the road.
17. Maximum climbing ability (%): the maximum climbing ability when the vehicle is fully loaded.
18. Average fuel consumption (L/ 100km): the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers when the car is driving on the road.
19. Number of wheels and number of driving wheels (n×m): The number of wheels is based on the number of wheels, where n represents the total number of wheels of the automobile and m represents the number of driving wheels.
20. Compression ratio: The compression ratio refers to the ratio of the total cylinder volume to the combustion chamber volume, indicating the degree to which the gas in the cylinder is compressed when the piston moves from the bottom dead center to the top dead center. Compression ratio is an important parameter to measure the performance index of automobile engine.
2 1. displacement: the working volume of a cylinder refers to the volume of gas swept by the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center, also known as single cylinder displacement, which depends on the cylinder diameter and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volumes of each cylinder, which is generally expressed in milliliters (CC). The engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, which can represent the size of the engine better than the cylinder diameter and the number of cylinders. Many indexes of the engine are closely related to the displacement.
22. Torque: Torque is the force that makes an object rotate. The torque of the engine refers to the torque output by the engine from the crankshaft end. Under the condition of constant power, it is inversely proportional to the engine speed. The faster the engine speed, the smaller the torque, and vice versa, which reflects the load capacity of the car in a certain range.
motive power
What we are talking about is the speed or capacity of a car in freight or passenger transport, which is the most important performance index. The better the dynamic performance of the vehicle, the more efficient the driving speed and the greater the transportation productivity. The main indexes to measure the dynamic performance of vehicles are speed, acceleration, climbing ability, power and torque.
The maximum speed is when the vehicle is driving on a good road, because it is fully loaded on the road. In the absence of a tractor, the maximum speed reached when driving is expressed in kilometers per hour, which means that the vehicle is driving on a good road surface. The dynamic index of this performance is one of the most important indexes to measure the maximum speed of the vehicle.