Combined with intellectual property protection
In 2003, many technical barriers to trade in China's foreign trade were supported by intellectual property rights, or directly structured by intellectual property rights, such as DVD, color TV, lighters, batteries and mobile phones. It constitutes a double technical barrier with higher technical content. In early 2003, Cisco, an American communication equipment manufacturer, sued Huawei of China for copying Cisco's software from its routers sold in the United States. TRI-VISION Electronics Company of Canada requires the color TV enterprises exported from China to the United States and Canada to pay the patent fees for the function technology of color TV V chips, and so on.
For another example, in July 2003, Japan officially implemented the Seedling Amendment Law, which stipulated that if Japanese plant sources were used to produce or improve agricultural products without paying patent fees, the infringing individual would be fined less than 3 million yen or imprisoned for less than 3 years; When a corporate enterprise infringes, it can be fined up to 654.38 billion yen. Many seedlings of fruits, spinach and flowers exported from China, such as green onions, ginger and garlic, were introduced from Japan or improved from this variety. The seedling amendment law will have a great negative impact on China's export of Japanese agricultural products.
The focus is on protecting people and the environment.
In 2003, the notification volume of TBT and SPS in the world increased greatly, among which the notification volume of TBT increased by 665,438+0.8% and that of SPS increased by 65,438+0.8%. However, the notification growth in developed and developing countries has different characteristics: SPS is the main part of the notification growth in developed countries, with an increase rate of 28.6%, which is 10 percentage point higher than TBT, and SPS notification accounts for 68.7% of the total notification in developed countries; However, the increase of notifications in developing countries is mainly TBT, with an increase rate of 83.3%, which is 75 percentage points higher than that of SPS notifications, and TBT notifications account for 63.4% of the total notifications in developing countries.
200 1 The number of SPS notifications mainly for human, animal and environmental protection has exceeded the number of TBT notifications. The important technical barriers to trade issued by the EU in 2003, such as the Directive on Scrapping of Electronic and Electrical Equipment, the Directive on Prohibiting the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electronic and Electrical Equipment, and the White Paper on EU's Future Chemicals Policy and Strategy, are all aimed at protecting human beings and the environment. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) in developed countries have a great influence on the export of China products, so it can be said that the increasing SPS measures in developed countries are the main technical barriers to trade that China will deal with in the future.
The influence has shifted from a single product to the whole industry.
At the beginning of 2003, the European Union imposed a comprehensive import ban on aquatic products and animal-derived products in China on the grounds of harmful substance residues, which had a serious impact on the export of aquatic products and animal-derived products in China. In the past, the technical barriers to trade that China encountered mostly affected individual products, such as honey, eel, spinach, Dutch beans and cauliflower. , the impact is not big. However, in recent years, more and more foreign countries have imposed industrial blockade on China's export products. If a product fails, the related products of the whole industry will be affected. For example, in 2003, the White Paper on Chemicals Policy and Strategy and the REACH system issued by the European Union involved 30,000 kinds of chemicals with an output exceeding one ton, which had a great impact on China's major export products such as textiles, clothing, shoes, toys, furniture, household appliances and communications, which used a lot of chemicals. There are more than 5 million employees in China's chemical industry, which is equivalent to three times that of the European Union's chemical industry. The downstream industries are all labor-intensive. Therefore, EU's chemical policy and REACH system will also have a serious impact on the employment of China's chemical industry and downstream industries.
The development trend and characteristics of foreign technical barriers to trade show that the export of China products will face an increasingly severe situation.