How to understand industry barriers? What are the high-barrier industries?

1. Licensing (or government governance) is obviously an obstacle. Many businesses don't mean that you can do whatever you want. Without a license, there is no way. Such as telecommunications, railways, power grids, water supply and gas supply, Macao's gambling licenses all have such barriers; At present, in China, the media industry also has certain license restrictions. 2. Patented technology or exclusive technology/process is also a barrier; Others can't do it, or there are patents blocking it. 3. The scale of funds is an obstacle. If a business is done well, it will hit the level of10 billion. First of all, many people/institutions/groups don't have such financial strength and can't do it if they want to; Even with so much money, I will carefully consider whether to invest or not, and whether it is worth the risk. However, this barrier may also be broken, and there are still many rich groups. For example, China Resources spent money to make beer, and the snowflake beer smashed out seriously occupied Qingdao's share, which caused great pressure on Qingdao. 4. Network effect and defect cost can also be regarded as an obstacle. The process of network laying often requires huge manpower, material resources and financial resources, as well as time, and even needs to coordinate government relations; Often the earlier the easier, the smaller the resistance and the lower the cost. The cost of defection is also a soft barrier. For example, to change a bank card involves many changes in the collection relationship, and most people will not change it easily unless they have to. Time is also an obstacle. If it takes a lot of time to do something, it will often discourage new entrants. For example, some precious seedlings often take years or even decades to grow, and few people have the patience to invest. Specific to the industry, the clothing industry has very thin barriers, no license restrictions, few patented technologies, not too much money to be invested, and the flow of talents is very convenient. The business models are basically copied from each other; The cost of the network is not high, it is relatively easy to open several new stores, and the defection cost of users is also very low. It is also possible to quickly make new models or promote new brands without too much time. (Zara, H & ampm has advantages and barriers in terms of capital, scale, network, brand and management ability, etc. It is difficult for other entrants to attack it except e-commerce. (Prada, LV, Chanel and other top luxury brands are exceptions. The barriers are very strong, which stems from the accumulation of time, quality and word of mouth, but there are only a handful in the world. The industry barrier of natural gas industry comes from the franchise right of the city, and a city, China Resources, cannot enter the new Olympic Games. The barrier of banking comes from the accumulation of users. It is not easy to accumulate millions of users, which requires a lot of time and investment. The barriers in the telecommunications industry stem from the number of licenses and existing users; The barrier of liquor industry comes from liquor culture and taste (flavor, taste, etc. ), and a great advantage is that there is no invasion of foreign entrants (foreign wine is not white wine). The barriers of e-commerce industry stem from the accumulation of users, users' habits and stickiness, and there are also certain technical and financial barriers.