Albert Einstein was born in malm on March 14th, t879. Both parents are Jewish. Father Herman Einstein is a small business owner who runs an electrical equipment factory with the help of relatives.
Einstein was a little slow when he was young, and he was not good at talking when he was four or five years old, and his performance in school was very normal. At the age of 4, his father gave him a compass, which aroused his strong curiosity. He felt that there seemed to be a mysterious force dominating the pointer, and this sense of surprise constituted his initial motivation to explore things.
Although his parents had no religious beliefs at all, Einstein was deeply religious in his childhood. By the age of 12, he realized in reading popular science books that many stories in the Bible were not true. As a result, he terminated his religious belief and produced a truly fanatical free thought, which resulted in doubts about all authority.
Later, when he was studying, he accepted his father's advice and realized that he had to get a university diploma before he wanted to pursue a career, so he applied for the swiss federal institute of technology zurich. His excellent math performance left a deep impression on people, but he failed the entrance examination because of other achievements. The president of the university suggested that he go to middle school for a year and then take the exam. He studied in Algard State Middle School in Arau for one year. At the age of 17, he was finally admitted to swiss federal institute of technology zurich Normal Department to study physics and mathematics. During this period, Einstein lived in distress, living on 1 Swiss francs funded by relatives every month. It also saves 2 Swiss francs to pay the naturalization fee for Swiss citizenship. Einstein obtained Swiss nationality in 191 and graduated in the same year.
after graduation, he wanted to stay in school as a teaching assistant, but he was rejected. Later, he tried to seek a position as a teacher in a middle school or a technical school, but he didn't succeed, so he had to serve as a tutor and occasionally substitute for others in a middle school. In 192, with the help of his friends, he got a regular job-Patent examiners of the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland. Married in 193, the bride is his classmate in Zurich-Serbian girl mileva. Mariki.
The work of the Patent Office provided Einstein with reliable economic security, and the work was not heavy, which enabled him to have a lot of free time for research. Einstein was very satisfied with this, and even thought it was the most suitable way to work in physics-to engage in a career unrelated to physics and to engage in research in his spare time.
Einstein learned a lot from others and used it for me. He has been widely exposed to different cultures: philosophical works of Newton, Ampere, Hume, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Mach, and many ancient literary works, German classical music ... He has assiduously absorbed nutrition from these different cultures, but never settled on one. For example, Mach's criticism of Newtonian mechanics inspired him, but Mach ignored theoretical thinking and denied the existence of atoms, which was always criticized by Einstein. Diversified cultural varieties and active cultural factors collided randomly in Einstein's mind, resulting in new combinations, so the innovation burst out. Since 191, he began to publish his research results in the German scientific magazine "Physical Yearbook"; His research reached its peak in 195.
That year, the Yearbook of Physics published five of his papers. The first article, A New Method for Determining Molecular Size, earned him a doctorate. The second chapter, On the Generation and Transfer of Light and an Enlightening Viewpoint, successfully combined two contradictory optical theories, namely the wave theory and the particle theory, and boldly put forward the quantization theory of light. This theory clarifies the theoretical confusion that has existed in optics for a long time and convincingly explains many puzzling experimental phenomena. It is worth mentioning that his research laid the foundation of quantum theory, and the wave-particle duality view derived from it developed by another physicist, De Broglie of France, and became the most basic worldview of physicists, which is one of the most important and basic concepts of modern physics. This achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in 1922. The third paper, Motion of Suspended Particles in Static Liquid Required by Thermomolecular Motion Theory, discusses the fluctuation phenomenon and clarifies the relationship between several very important physical constants that cannot be accurately measured. More importantly, Einstein's work dispelled the theoretical doubts about molecular reality.
The above three papers are brilliant achievements, but they are eclipsed by the fourth one. This paper entitled "On Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" initiated a real revolution. At the beginning of the 2th century, there was a profound crisis in physics. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism, the two pillars of classical physics. In order to solve this fatal contradiction, many physicists have made arduous efforts, and some have even put forward a plan that is very close to the correct idea. However, only Einstein keenly realized that the core of the contradiction lies in Newton's absolute concept of time and space. Einstein believed that time and space are relative. He is challenging the ideas that have bound mankind for thousands of years and the authority that has dominated the scientific community for nearly 3 years.
Einstein's theory discusses the physical phenomena in the coordinate system with uniform linear motion, which is called "special relativity" and becomes the starting point of the physics revolution. In the following five papers, he further developed the theory of relativity, clarified the relationship between mass and energy, and revised the laws of conservation of mass and energy in classical physics, on which the utilization of atomic energy, including nuclear bombs, was based.
for a long time, the traditional concept of the universe has been overturned by one person! It is hard to imagine how surprised people are when they come into contact with Einstein's brilliant theory! And all this came from a 26-year-old Patent examiners.
Einstein set off a frenzy in the scientific community, and his achievements laid the foundation for a scholar's career. In 198, he was employed as a part-time lecturer at the University of Berne, and the following year, he was employed as an associate professor at swiss federal institute of technology zurich. Soon, he was promoted to a professor. In 1911, he accepted a professorship at the German University in Prague, Austria-Hungary. In 1913, Berlin asked him to be the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William, an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and a professor at the University of Berlin. In 1914, he went to Germany to take office and regained German citizenship.
Soon after that, World War I broke out. The state machine mobilized all forces to support this evil war. Einstein firmly adhered to the position of pacifism. He preached anti-war thoughts on various occasions and even joined the anti-war organization "New Motherland Alliance". Perhaps his academic reputation and "eccentric" reputation saved him, otherwise the master of science would have been executed as a saboteur. He was isolated by his colleagues and his marriage was on the verge of breaking up. Surprisingly, his greatest scientific achievement was born in a lonely situation.
Einstein thought that the special theory of relativity didn't exhaust the truth either. He was brave in innovation and made constant progress, and completed the general theory of relativity in 1915. Logically, this is an extension and generalization of the special theory of relativity, which extends the space-time transformation under uniform linear motion to the case of variable speed motion and gravitational field. This is Einstein's most brilliant achievement and the greatest discovery in the history of science. It describes the state of the physical world profoundly and universally, and its core lies in the distortion of space-time under the action of gravity, and the variable-speed motion is attributed to the natural motion of distorted space-time. Einstein revolutionized the concepts of space-time, gravity, mass, motion and momentum and energy derived from them, and constructed a universal, unified and harmonious theory to describe the universe from a very simple logical assumption. It is this theory that has become the basis of modern physics.
the light of science penetrated the noise of war. British scientists studied Einstein's theory carefully. According to the prediction of general relativity, light will be bent by gravitational field near stars. The Royal Astronomical Society decided to make a decisive test of this enemy scientist's theory when a total solar eclipse occurred on May 29th, 1919. Two expeditions carried out this plan, and the result was completely consistent with Einstein's prediction.
The success of the theory of relativity made Einstein a hero that attracted worldwide attention overnight. The abstruse theory that only a few people can understand makes him admired all over the world. Relativity and four-dimensional space-time are linked with Einstein's name and become household names. Universities all over the world have awarded him the title of honorary professor, and he began to visit and give lectures all over the world on invitation. On his 5th birthday, he received thousands of gifts and countless congratulatory letters and telegrams, and the post office had to set up a mailbox specially for him.
Just as Einstein's fame was in full swing, the attack on him began. Shortly after the end of World War I, anti-Semitic right-wingers in Germany rallied against the theory of relativity, and Einstein was viciously attacked, even his life was threatened. With the crazy expansion of Nazi forces, the anti-Semitic movement and the trend of ethnic purification of dehumanization are also rampant. In the winter of 1932, Einstein went to the United States to give lectures. On his way home, he learned that Hitler had seized power. Nazi forces swept through Germany, the Third Reich wielded a butcher knife, and the cleansing of Jews was in full swing. When Einstein landed in the Belgian port, he was homeless.
Nazi Germany called Einstein "Jewish international schemer" and "international schemer made in * * *", mobilized academic circles to denounce him and offered a reward of 2, marks for his head. Einstein fought resolutely without fear. He flatly refused to "put in a good word" for the Nazis and publicly condemned fascism for destroying "all existing cultural values", which was a "state of insanity". He renounced his German citizenship and withdrew from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After a short stay in Europe, he boarded a ship for the United States and was hired as a professor at Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies.
at 1: 25 am on April 18th, 1955, Einstein died of illness in Princeton. According to his will, there was no funeral ceremony, and there were no graves, monuments and memorial halls. However, his cultural character has infinite value and charm, and he has built an immortal monument in people's hearts.