General scholars believe that the Han nationality in China was basically formed in the Han Dynasty. After hundreds of years of wars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the battle between Qin and Han Dynasties in 1978, the population of the Chinese nation withered and the people struggled. After 40 or 50 years' cultivation of Wenjing, a relatively stable national form with the Han nationality as the main body was gradually formed by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. What followed was the so-called "traitor". Therefore, traitors can be said to follow the nation from beginning to end.
Many people think that Li Ling was the first real traitor. As a general of the Han Dynasty, he was captured and surrendered, married the Xiongnu princess, and never returned to the Han Dynasty. In this series of processes, he did not have noble and just motives.
A traitor, as its name implies, is a traitor who betrayed the Han Dynasty. As far as the Han Dynasty is concerned, anyone who betrays the interests of the Han Dynasty can be classified as a traitor. China's feudal politics has been an autocratic system imposed from top to bottom since ancient times. In order to defend their power, the rulers of past dynasties built the national army into an army dedicated to defending themselves and turned national culture into a knowledge to defend the legitimacy of their rule. For thousands of years, China's traditional education and traditional ideas require ordinary people and civil servants and military commanders to be unconditionally loyal to the emperor, without questioning, resisting or abandoning them. Traitors call them "traitors" and "traitors"; As long as you die, you can be crowned as a loyal minister.
This is of course wrong. As Gu said, the world is everyone's world, not a family's. Therefore, the so-called traitor is, first of all, the concept of a nation and its culture, rather than the concept that is necessarily related to the country. Although it can be unified in a certain period and under certain conditions, there is no necessary connection between them. The definition of a traitor depends on whether his actions betray or ruin the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation with the Han nationality as the main body, rather than whether he is loyal to a certain family. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek was defeated in Taiwan Province Province and defended the national justice, not a traitor; Rainbow people take it as their duty to betray the interests of the Chinese nation, so while everyone is angry, everyone should punish them.
Li Ling became a traitor because he didn't die. But Li Ling was not the only person who surrendered in the Han Dynasty. Even Li Guangli, trusted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, later surrendered to the Huns. Li Ling is one of the most famous surrender generals, not only because he is the grandson of Li Guang, a flying general, with high military ability, but also because Sima Qian, the most famous historian in history, was imprisoned, so Li Ling was called "the first traitor", not the first traitor, but the first traitor.
Wang Fuzhi, a famous thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, criticized Li Ling in history. Wang Fuzhi, a native of Hengyang, Hunan Province, lived in seclusion in Shichuan Mountain in Hengyang in his later years, and scholars honored him as Mr. Chuanshan. Born in the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 19) and the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642). After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he took part in the anti-Qing struggle in Nanming. Later, he gave up his political activities and retired to the countryside. Under extremely difficult conditions, he finally wrote, published books and counted. In his masterpiece Zi Zhi Tong Jian (that is, Wang Fuzhi's reading notes on Sima Guang's historical masterpiece Zi Tong Zhi Jian), he made a very sharp criticism of Li Ling, and even Sima Qian, who defended him, made distressing remarks.
But judging from what Li Ling did later, he really didn't deserve to wear the "high hat" of "traitor" because he didn't make any contribution to the Huns. On the contrary, he could repay good for evil and secretly help the Han army in the only battle with it. Compared with Wu Sangui, who was "furious and beautiful," Li Ling was really an "undercover" who infiltrated the enemy. Where is the traitor?
Wu Sangui led the Qing soldiers into the customs, laid half the country for the Qing Dynasty, and later hanged the Nanming Emperor Li Yong himself. Emma Wu Sangui was later rehabilitated, thinking that calling Wu Sangui a "traitor" and a "traitor" was too harsh. He had no choice but to surrender to the Qing army. When Shi Kefa, a famous national hero in Chinese history, defended Yangzhou, Dourgen advised him to surrender. Shi Kefa replied: "In a few days, he ordered the jurist to go north to explore the West. Suddenly came the news that my general Wu Sangui borrowed soldiers from your country to break the rebellion, made a funeral for me after the emperor, and ordered me to shave my hair to show that I would not forget this dynasty. Such behavior revived the ancient times. All the courtiers of Daming are always eager to go north, pay homage and increase their foreheads, but as Yu Ming said, gratitude is enough! I would like to wait for the August basket and send an envoy to the teacher; I also demand great affection, even the soldiers should be asked in the west. It is based on Julian Waghann and repeats Jianghuai. "
(Shi Kefa is a typical scholar, lacking military talent, but he worked as a minister of the Ministry of War, and later shouldered the heavy responsibility of Yangzhou Du Fu's poems. After the destruction of Yangzhou City, the Qing soldiers were furious because of Shi Kefa's stubborn resistance, killing about 800,000 people, which was called "Yangzhou Ten Days" in history, and it was a very tragic history. When Shi Kefa was guarding Yangzhou, the world was doomed, so some people later blamed the killing of 800,000 people in Yangzhou on Shi Kefa's meaningless resistance. )
Shi Kefa's words are the best defense for Wu Sangui to lead the Qing soldiers into the customs. The implication is that if I were Wu Sangui in Shi Kefa, I would do the same. Wu Sangui did the right thing to lead the Qing soldiers into the customs. Shi Kefa's attitude is consistent with that of Nanming, that is to say, the heirs of the Ming Dynasty, including the imperial court and ministers, understood and agreed with Wu Sangui's introduction of Qing soldiers into the customs. There is nothing wrong with this strategically. If Wu Sangui doesn't lead the Qing soldiers into Shanhaiguan, he will die at the hands of Dashun Army in Li Zicheng. Once Li Zicheng sent troops to defend Shanhaiguan, stopped the invasion of Manchu, and even made peace with Manchu, to recuperate and accumulate strength, Nanming would be in jeopardy.
The characteristic of the feudal era is that all actions are not based on fairness and justice, but on family interests. When there is a conflict between families, because there is no unified transcendental justice standard, we have to use force to decide whose interests to keep-this is called winning or losing. Emperors of past dynasties only became representatives of the king's family, and the history of twenty-four was only the history of twenty-four surnames. However, in China's traditional morality, the representative of interests, the emperor's incompetence or downright dereliction of duty, was ignored. Morality has no constraint on the emperor at all, but simply and rudely requires all people to be unconditionally loyal until things get beyond help. This will always lead to tyranny replacing tyranny, which is the weakness of successive dynasties.
On the other hand, after the Qin dynasty unified the world, it merged four major ethnic groups, namely the so-called Dongyi, Xirong, Nanman and Beidi. About 400 years after the Han Dynasty, the Han nationality appeared. Later, it was continuously integrated into the blood of all ethnic groups in the north, forming today's "Han nationality." Huns, the first enemy of the Han nationality, are mostly integrated into the Han nationality. So that at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Hun, proclaimed himself emperor according to the Han Dynasty built by Pingyang. He claimed to be a descendant of Liu, the royal family of the Han Dynasty, and kept saying, "I am a great grandfather, I am a great emperor" and "I am a great warrior" in order to recover the ancestral home of the Han Dynasty for decades. Since it is the Han family sooner or later, what's the point of accusing Li Ling of being a "traitor"?
Oh!