Growth habit of Gastrodia elata: It is suitable to grow in loose and humid sandy loam. The optimum temperature for growth is 15-28 degrees, and the growth will stop when the local temperature is lower than 8 degrees and higher than 30 degrees. Gastrodia elata cannot be autotrophic, and it must rely on Armillaria mellea to provide nutrients for its growth and development. That is, Armillaria mellea grows on wood, and Gastrodia elata absorbs Armillaria mellea from wood and grows again.
The basic conditions for planting gastrodia elata are:
① There are suitable raw material resources for planting Gastrodia elata-wood. Except pine and fir, other miscellaneous tree species can be used to grow gastrodia elata.
② Sandy soil, sandy soil, loose, breathable and drained soil. You can also use river sand. The temperature is natural.
The introduction of gastrodia elata is very different from the introduction of other crop seeds. When introducing Gastrodia elata, farmers must pay attention to the following issues:
First, whether the local climate is suitable. The optimum growth temperature of gastrodia elata is 20~25℃. If the temperature is too high or too low, Gastrodia elata will grow slowly and even hibernate. Especially when the temperature is too high, rotten hemp is easy to appear. Therefore, Gastrodia elata is most suitable for planting in mountainous areas with slightly higher altitude, dense forests, cool summer climate and high air humidity. When planting gastrodia elata in other areas, efforts must be made to improve the local climate conditions. Especially when planting gastrodia elata in low mountainous areas, it is necessary to ventilate, cool and moisturize in summer to prevent gastrodia elata from rotting. If the environment is uncomfortable, it is best not to introduce gastrodia elata easily.
Second, whether there are suitable resources and cultivation places. For planting gastrodia elata blume, it is necessary to choose solid trees such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus acutissima, etc., which are resistant to decay and have thick bark, and humus soil rich in organic matter, slightly acidic, loose and breathable, and free from pests and diseases among natural broad-leaved forests as culture soil. Before introducing gastrodia elata, we should first investigate whether there are such resources around. In addition, it is also very important to plant gastrodia elata, which requires clean surrounding environment, less miscellaneous bacteria, fresh air and high humidity. If the environment is too dry, the early growers will spray water improperly, which will easily lead to rotten hemp.
Third, whether the bacterial bed is ready. Gastrodia elata is a heterotrophs in the strict sense, which is different from other plants. Gastrodia elata cannot produce nutrition by itself, and can only grow by the associated fungus Armillaria mellea. So if you want to grow gastrodia elata, you must first prepare the Armillaria bed. Gastrodia elata is usually introduced in late autumn and early winter, and it is necessary to introduce strains and cultivate bacteria from June to August, so that Gastrodia elata can be planted smoothly after introduction. If the fungus bed is prepared at the same time of introduction, not only the investment will increase, but also the initial output will be low and the benefit will be poor.
Fourth, whether the introduction season is appropriate. Because the storage period of gastrodia elata seeds for sexual reproduction is short, and reproduction is difficult, at present, most farmers plant gastrodia elata by introducing white-headed hemp and rice hemp as seeds. Gastrodia elata is generally sown with the harvest, and the best sowing and harvesting season is around 1 1 in late autumn and early winter. The introduction of gastrodia elata in winter needs to prevent hemp seed frostbite; If gastrodia elata is introduced in spring, if the temperature is high, gastrodia elata has begun to germinate and grow, but Armillaria mellea does not provide nutrients in time, gastrodia elata will grow poorly and its yield will be significantly reduced. Gastrodia elata should not be introduced in other seasons.
5. Whether the seed supplier is reliable. At present, there are many seed suppliers of Gastrodia elata, but there are also many false advertisements and information. Farmers should be cautious when introducing Gastrodia elata. Conditional farmers, it is best to find relevant experts to introduce Gastrodia elata in formal national scientific research institutions, or directly introduce Gastrodia elata in the main producing areas. If there are wild gastrodia elata in the local area, you can also buy wild gastrodia elata as seeds. Never believe that small advertisements sent or distributed can be easily mailed out without on-site inspection.
Six, the number of hemp seeds purchased should match the area of the bacterial bed. Take the common gastrodia elata pit planting in mountainous areas as an example. If each pit is covered with two layers of fungus material, each layer is covered with 10 fungus material, and five gastrodia elata seeds of about 20 grams are placed next to each fungus material, then each pit needs 2 kilograms of gastrodia elata seeds of about 20 grams. Because of the variety and size of gastrodia elata, it is necessary to be flexible in purchasing specific seeds. The amount of seeds used in each cellar of Gastrodia elata can be slightly smaller, and the amount of seeds used in each cellar of Gastrodia elata is slightly larger. Hemp seeds are small, and the amount of seeds used in each cellar can be slightly smaller; Cannabis seeds are large, so the amount of seeds used in each cellar should be increased appropriately. If you buy too many cannabis seeds, it will increase the planting cost; Too few hemp seeds will affect the output of the year.
Seven, the quality of hemp seeds should be high. It is best to introduce 1-2 generations of gastrodia elata seeds after sexual reproduction. Such gastrodia elata seeds have strong vitality, fast growth and high yield. Both small white hemp and rice hemp can be used as seeds, and the size of hemp seeds is preferably about 20 grams. In addition, hemp seed should be fresh, yellow-white, disease-free, insect-free and trauma-free, and gastrodia elata with aging, damage and pests and diseases should not be used as seeds.
Eight, to ensure the safety of transportation. The transportation of hemp seeds needs to be packed with heat-insulating and breathable materials, and each layer of hemp seeds is separated by moss and other materials, and a certain humidity is maintained to prevent hemp seeds from losing water, frostbite or mechanical damage during transportation. Cannabis seed must not be directly packed and transported in airtight plastic bags to avoid loss.
How to prevent bacteria from being infected by miscellaneous bacteria
1. Site selection: Choose sandy soil and sandy loam with good air permeability to plant Gastrodia elata. If continuous cropping is not possible, the old nest should be eliminated.
There are many kinds of miscellaneous bacteria, some of which are easy to grow under the conditions of thick soil and poor ventilation, and some of which are easy to grow in places without watering. For example, gastrodia elata planted indoors, watered unevenly, often grows mixed bacteria in places where water is not poured. Where the humidity is suitable, Armillaria mellea grows vigorously and miscellaneous bacteria are controlled. Therefore, whether it is planted in the field or planted with sawdust mixed soil indoors, it should be watered evenly, and outdoor planting should choose well-drained soil. Besides, don't plant it in the nest of miscellaneous bacteria. The mountainous area is large, and gastrodia elata can be planted in the wasteland. Reduce the harm of continuous cropping miscellaneous bacteria to gastrodia elata.
2. The strains selected for cultivating fungus branches, fungus sticks and fungus beds must be purebred. If the cultivated third-grade solid strain or fungus branch itself carries miscellaneous bacteria, a large number of cultivated fungus materials are also susceptible to infection by miscellaneous bacteria.
3. The number of culture rods in a hole should not be too much. Generally, it should be controlled within 100-200. If infected with miscellaneous bacteria, it can be discarded to minimize the loss. This is the best way to prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria.
4. It is best to use fresh wood for the cultivation of bacteria sticks, and the cultivation time should be shortened as much as possible. Fresh wood is not suitable for drying. If there is no fresh wood, only dry wood, then you should also choose sticks and branches that are free from rot and bacteria, and soak them in water before use.
5, the pit is not easy to be too large and too deep, especially in places with high water level or areas with heavy rainfall, which is easy to cause excessive humidity, water accumulation in the pit and low ground temperature, which is not conducive to the growth of Armillaria mellea.
6. Soil or filler must be clean and pollution-free. When filling in the blanks with soil, it should be solid but not tight, not empty.
7. Pay attention to the change of humidity in the cellar and keep proper humidity in the cellar. If the humidity is too high, it is necessary to remove the cover for ventilation or dig a seepage ditch around it.
8. If miscellaneous bacteria are found on the stick, scrape it off gently and expose it to the sun for 1-2 days, and discard it in severe cases.
9. Increase the inoculation amount. If you put more branches or strains, the bacteria will grow quickly and can inhibit the growth of other miscellaneous bacteria.
10, pure strains are co-planted and co-sown. Because the strains are pure and there is no mixed bacteria pollution, covering with sand can greatly reduce the probability of mixed bacteria pollution.
The main pests of Gastrodia elata are grubs, grubs, scale insects, aphids and beetles.
Control pests and diseases
(1) pests
1, number of moles:
The local name is Lala. Use adults or nymphs to dig vertical and horizontal tunnels under the topsoil of gastrodia elata nests and eat gastrodia elata. Prevention and control methods: poison bait is mainly used to trap and kill. 50% chlordane 1 kg, 50 kg of fried wheat bran and 0/5 kg of water were mixed to make poison bait. Sprinkle on the surface of gastrodia elata nest at night.
2. Larvae:
The native name is also called ground silkworm and ground silkworm, which is the larva of scarab. The larvae eat gastrodia elata in the nest and bite it into a hole. Prevention and control methods: Before sowing or planting, the soil in the nest can be chemically treated. Use 50% phoxim EC, dilute it 30 times with water, spray it on the nest surface and turn it into the soil, and water it 700- 1000 times during the growth period. Where conditions permit, set up electric lights, lanterns and black lights near Tianma to trap and kill adults (scarabs).
3, scale insects:
Powder is the main harm to gastrodia elata. It is usually brought into the armpit with a fungus stick. When harvesting gastrodia elata, it is common that there is powder on the tuber surface of white hemp or arrow hemp. If individual holes appear, the fungus stick should be put into the original hole and burned, and cooked with white hemp, rice hemp and arrow hemp. It can't be mixed with other kinds of cannabis, let alone used as a seed. If most of the pits are harmed by scale insects, all gastrodia elata should be disposed of, the planting of gastrodia elata should be stopped in the field, and all the fungus sticks should be burned to prevent the spread.
4. Aphids:
Commonly known as nerd. Harm to flower moss and flowers. When aphids are harmful, 40% omethoate mixture 1000 times liquid spray should be used to kill them.
5. Fake beetle:
Damaging gastrodia elata fruit with adults and drilling holes in the fruit. Because of the small number of insect mouths, artificial capture in the morning and evening can have a good control effect.
Field management of gastrodia elata
I. Drought prevention
According to the growth habit of gastrodia elata, the water demand for germination and growth of gastrodia elata in spring is small. June, July and August are vigorous growth periods with large water demand. After the end of September, Gastrodia elata is in the stage of nutrient accumulation and does not flood. Gastrodia elata is planted in the south bank of the Yangtze River and along the Yangtze River in China, which has a lot of rain and is generally not irrigated. But in summer drought, we should also pay attention to watering to protect buds. Because July is the season for the rapid growth of new hemp, the buds can't resist the threat of harsh environmental conditions. The north bank of the Yangtze River and the northern region, especially some areas with thin ridges, should pay more attention to drought prevention in summer.
The gastrodia elata planted in mountainous areas should be watered along the slope and a cave should be dug above the gastrodia elata nest. When you see one end of the fungus stick, you can water it and then cover it with soil to fill the hole. Watering in plain areas can't rely on flooding, especially the protocorms with germinated seeds. Floods will kill a lot of protocorms. The application of water spraying only needs to connect the upper dry soil layer with the lower wet soil layer, and Qin Ying will irrigate it lightly.
Second, flood control.
Generally speaking, more rain in summer is beneficial to the growth of gastrodia elata. However, after the heavy rain, it is necessary to check the gastrodia elata nest which is easy to accumulate water and pay attention to timely drainage. Especially in areas with poor drainage and low-lying bottom soil and plain areas, pay attention to drainage after heavy rain. The most unfavorable factor affecting the growth of Gastrodia elata is autumn waterlogging. In autumn, the temperature and ground temperature gradually decrease, and Gastrodia elata grows slowly, and it will enter a dormant period. When the water content is high, Armillaria mellea will destroy the defense structure of seed hemp. When the environmental conditions are unfavorable to the growth of Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea can still grow, Armillaria mellea infects the hemp and further enters the inner layer, breaking through the digestive layer of Gastrodia elata and entering the stele layer, so that the hemp decays and the new mahjong stops growing. Therefore, in September and June of 65438+ 10, special attention should be paid to opening drainage ditches to prevent waterlogging in gastrodia elata nests.
Third, anti-freezing gastrodia elata is generally resistant to low temperature. For example, 197 1 year, the soil temperature of 20 cm deep planting layer can overwinter at -3℃. Although the surrounding soil was frozen, the tuber of Gastrodia elata was not frozen. Fusong County, Jilin Province, China, is 774.2 meters above sea level. 1 Monthly average temperature-15.7℃, and the lowest temperature can reach -34.7℃. Gastrodia elata is still distributed. However, these areas must be covered with 40-50 cm thick natural snow, and the soil temperature of gastrodia elata distribution layer is above -5℃, so gastrodia elata will not be seriously damaged by freezing. Through field observation, the gastrodia elata planted in the first year, which was not harvested in winter, has stronger cold resistance than the newly planted gastrodia elata in that year, and the gastrodia elata distributed in the northeast and local areas has stronger cold resistance than the gastrodia elata introduced from the south. In addition, the sudden drop in temperature will also cause gastrodia elata to freeze in some cases. If the low temperature of-10℃ occurs in winter 10- 1 1, gastrodia elata is vulnerable to freezing injury. If the temperature drops in1-February, gastrodia elata will be slightly frozen. Because gastrodia elata has been trained at low temperature for several months, it has improved its stress resistance. However, if gastrodia elata is exposed to air, its cold resistance will decrease. Gastrodia elata will turn bright red when it is left at -2-3℃ for only half a day or overnight, and white pulp will appear after heating and thawing. Therefore, it is not too late to replant gastrodia elata in winter to prevent gastrodia elata from being exposed to the air and suffering from freezing injury.