It is estimated that most people know Einstein. Don't be afraid of those who don't. Look at his resume and get to know him. The following is Einstein's personal profile I compiled for you, I hope it will be useful to you!
Albert? Introduction to Einstein
Albert? Albert.Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) was a Jewish physicist.
Einstein was born into a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany in 1879 (both parents were Jews), and graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 19, and became a Swiss citizen. In 195, he received a Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich. Einstein put forward the photon hypothesis and successfully explained the photoelectric effect. Therefore, he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics and founded the special theory of relativity. General relativity was founded in 1915.
Einstein laid a theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy, initiated a new era of modern science and technology, and was recognized as the greatest physicist after Galileo and Newton. On December 26, 1999, Einstein was selected by Time Magazine of the United States as? A great man of the century? .
Albert? Einstein characters experience
When he was studying
In 1888 (at the age of 9), Einstein entered Louis Polder High School. He received religious education and bar mitzvah at school, and Friedman was the instructor.
In 1889 (at the age of 1), he read popular scientific books and philosophical works under the guidance of medical college student Talme.
In 1891 (at the age of 12), I taught myself Euclidean geometry, and I felt enthusiastic about it. At the same time, I began to teach myself advanced mathematics.
in 1892 (at the age of 13), I began to read Kant's works.
in 1894 (at the age of 15), Einstein's family moved to Italy.
in 1895 (at the age of 16), I taught myself calculus. In the same year, Einstein failed in the entrance examination of Swiss Institute of Technology. Einstein began to think about what a person will see when he moves at the speed of light. Confused about the internal contradictions of classical theories.
In 1896 (at the age of 17), she obtained the diploma from Alau Middle School. On October 29th, Einstein moved to Zurich and studied at Swiss Institute of Technology.
On October 19th, 1899 (at the age of 2), Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship.
In August 19 (at the age of 21), Einstein graduated from swiss federal institute of technology zurich. In December, he finished his thesis "Inference from Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the Journal of Physics in Leipzig the following year and incorporated into Swiss nationality.
on March 21st, 191 (at the age of 22), she obtained Swiss nationality. In May-July of this year, I finished my thesis on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference.
After graduation,
on June 16th, 192 (at the age of 23), she was employed by the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland.
in 193 (at the age of 24), he and his college classmate mileva? Marek gets married. They had their first child before they got married.
in September, 194 (at the age of 25), the probationer in the patent office was changed to a formal third-class technician.
in March, 195 (at the age of 26), he published the quantum theory and put forward the light quantum hypothesis, which solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April, he presented his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and obtained his doctorate. In May, he completed the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", independently and completely put forward the principle of relativity in a narrow sense, and initiated a new era of physics. So this year is called? Einstein miracle year? .
In April, 196 (at the age of 27), he was promoted to the second-class technician of the Patent Office. In November, I finished the paper on the specific heat of solids, which is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids.
In 197 (at the age of 28), he was promoted to be a first-class technician in the Patent Office.
In October, 198 (at the age of 29), he was a part-time lecturer at the University of Berne.
In October, 199 (at the age of 3), he left the Berne Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics.
In October, 191 (at the age of 31), I finished my thesis on critical opalescence.
in 1911 (at the age of 32), she moved from Switzerland to Prague.
in 1912 (at the age of 33), put forward? Photochemical equivalent? Law.
In 1913 (at the age of 34), he returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Albert? Einstein's main achievement
Theory of Relativity
The establishment of the special theory of relativity:
As early as 16 years old, Einstein learned from books that light is an electromagnetic wave moving at a very fast speed. In connection with this, he really wanted to discuss the so-called etheric problems related to light waves. The term ether comes from Greece and is used to represent the basic elements that make up objects in the sky. Descartes in the 17th century and Christian after that? Huygens initiated and developed the theory of ether, believing that ether is the medium of light wave propagation, which fills all the space including vacuum and can penetrate into matter. Different from the ether theory, Newton put forward the particle theory of light. Newton believed that the luminous body emitted a stream of particles moving in a straight line, and the impact of the particle stream on the retina caused vision. Newton's particle theory prevailed in the 18th century, but it was the wave theory that prevailed in the 19th century. The theory of ether has also been greatly developed: the propagation of waves requires a medium, and the medium through which light propagates in a vacuum is ether, also called optical ether. At the same time, electromagnetism has developed vigorously, and through the efforts of Maxwell, Hertz and others, a mature electromagnetic phenomena's dynamic theory has been formed? Electrodynamics, and proved from theory and practice that light is electromagnetic wave in a certain frequency range, thus unifying the wave theory of light and electromagnetic theory. Ether is not only the carrier of light waves, but also the carrier of electromagnetic fields. Until the end of the 19th century, people tried to find ether, but it was never found in the experiment. On the contrary, Michelson-Morey experiment found that ether was unlikely to exist.
the development of electromagnetism was originally brought into the framework of Newtonian mechanics, but when explaining the electromagnetic process of moving objects, it was found that it was inconsistent with the relativity principle followed by Newtonian mechanics. According to Maxwell's theory, the speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum, that is, the speed of light is a constant; However, according to the speed addition principle of Newtonian mechanics, the speed of light in different inertial systems is different. For example, two cars, one is approaching you and the other is leaving. You see the lights of the previous car approaching you, and the lights of the latter car are far away. According to Galileo's theory, the car coming to you will emit light with a speed greater than C (vacuum light speed 3.x1 8m/s), that is, the speed of the light in front of the car = light speed+vehicle speed; The speed of light leaving the car is less than c, that is, the speed of the light behind the car = speed of light-speed. But according to the speed of these two kinds of light is the same, because in Maxwell's theory, the speed of a car does not affect the propagation of light. To put it bluntly, regardless of the car, the speed of light is equal to C. Maxwell and Galileo's statements about speed are obviously contrary!
Einstein seems to be the man who will build a brand-new physics building. Einstein carefully studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, especially electrodynamics developed and expounded by Hertz and Lorenz. Einstein firmly believes that the electromagnetic theory is completely correct, but there is one problem that makes him uneasy, and that is the existence of the absolute reference frame ether. He read many books and found that all the experiments to prove the existence of ether failed. After research, Einstein found that ether has no practical significance in Lorenz theory except as an absolute reference system and a load of electromagnetic fields.
Einstein likes reading philosophical works and absorbing ideological nutrition from philosophy. He believes in the unity of the world and the consistency of logic. Are you online? Olympia Academy of Sciences? David? David Hume's doubts about the universal validity of the law of cause and effect influenced Einstein. The principle of relativity has been widely proved in mechanics, but it cannot be established in electrodynamics. Einstein raised doubts about the logical inconsistency between the two theoretical systems of physics. He believes that the principle of relativity should be universally established, so the electromagnetic theory should have the same form for each inertial system, but here the problem of the speed of light appears. Whether the speed of light is constant or variable becomes the primary question whether the principle of relativity is universally established. Physicists at that time generally believed in ether, that is, there was an absolute frame of reference, which was influenced by Newton's concept of absolute space. At the end of 19th century, Mach criticized Newton's absolute view of time and space in his book Mechanics in Development, which left a deep impression on Einstein. One day in May, 195, Einstein and a friend Besso discussed this problem that had been explored for ten years. Besso expounded his views according to the viewpoint of Mahism, and they discussed it for a long time. Suddenly, Einstein realized something, went home and thought about it repeatedly, and finally figured it out. The next day, he came to Bezo's house again and said, thank you, my problem has been solved. It turns out that Einstein thought clearly about one thing: there is no absolute definition of time, and there is an inseparable relationship between time and the speed of optical signals. He found the key to the lock, and after five weeks of hard work, Einstein presented the special theory of relativity to people.
On June 3th, 195, the German Yearbook of Physics accepted Einstein's paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" and published it in September of the same year. This paper is the first article about special relativity, which contains the basic ideas and contents of special relativity. The special theory of relativity is based on two principles: the principle of relativity and the principle of constant speed of light. Einstein's starting point for solving problems is that he firmly believes in the principle of relativity. Galileo first expounded the idea of relativity principle, but he did not give a clear definition of time and space. Newton also talked about relativity when he established the mechanical system, but he also defined absolute space, absolute time and absolute motion. He was contradictory on this issue. Einstein greatly developed the principle of relativity. In his view, there is no absolutely still space, and there is no absolutely the same time. All time and space are linked with moving objects. For any reference system and coordinate system, there is only space and time belonging to this reference system and coordinate system.
For all inertial systems, the physical laws expressed by using the space and time of the reference system have the same form, which is the principle of relativity, strictly speaking, the principle of relativity in a narrow sense. In this article, Einstein did not discuss the invariance of light speed as the basis of the basic principle. He proposed that the invariance of light speed was a bold assumption, which was put forward from the requirements of electromagnetic theory and relativity principle. This article is the result of Einstein's thinking about ether and electrodynamics for many years. He established a brand-new theory of time and space from the point of relativity at the same time, and gave a complete form to electrodynamics of moving bodies on the basis of the new theory of time and space. Ether is no longer necessary, and etheric drift does not exist.
what is the relativity of simultaneity? How do we know that two events in different places happen at the same time? Generally speaking, we will confirm by signal. In order to know the simultaneity of events in different places, we have to know the speed of signal transmission, but how to measure this speed? We must measure the spatial distance between the two places and the time required for signal transmission. The measurement of spatial distance is very simple, but the trouble lies in the measurement time. We must assume that there is a clock in each place that has been aligned, and the signal propagation time can be known from the readings of the two clocks. But how do we know that the clocks in different places are right? The answer is that another signal is needed. Can this signal set the clock right? If we follow the previous thinking, it needs a new signal, so it will retreat indefinitely, and the simultaneity of different places can't be confirmed. But one thing is clear, simultaneity must be associated with a signal, otherwise it is meaningless to say that these two things happen at the same time.
optical signal may be the most suitable signal for the clock, but the speed of light is not infinite, which leads to a novel conclusion that two things at the same time for a stationary observer are not simultaneous for a moving observer. Let's imagine a high-speed train, whose speed is close to the speed of light. When the train passed the platform, A stood on the platform, and two lightning flashes in front of A's eyes, one at the front end of the train and the other at the back end, leaving traces on both ends of the train and the corresponding parts of the platform. Through measurement, A and both ends of the train were equally spaced, and the conclusion was that A saw two lightning flashes at the same time. Therefore, for A, the two received optical signals travel the same distance in the same time interval and arrive at his position at the same time. These two events must happen at the same time, and they are simultaneous. But for B, who is in the center of the train, the situation is different, because B moves with the high-speed train, so he will intercept the front-end signal propagating towards him first, and then receive the optical signal from the back end. For B, these two events are different at the same time. In other words, simultaneity is not absolute, but depends on the observer's motion state. This conclusion denies the framework of absolute time and absolute space based on Newtonian mechanics.
Relativity holds that the speed of light is constant in all inertial reference frames, and it is the maximum speed of an object. Due to the relativistic effect, the length of the moving object will become shorter and the time of the moving object will expand. However, due to the problems encountered in daily life, the speed of motion is very low (compared with the speed of light), and no relativistic effect can be seen.
Einstein established relativistic mechanics on the basis of a thorough change in the concept of time and space, pointing out that the mass increases with the increase of speed, and when the speed approaches the speed of light, the mass tends to infinity. He also gave a famous mass-energy relationship: E = MC 2, which played a guiding role in the later development of atomic energy.
Establishment of general relativity:
In 195, after Einstein published his first article on special relativity (on electrodynamics of moving bodies), it did not immediately arouse great repercussions. However, Planck, an authority on German physics, noticed his article and thought that Einstein's work could be comparable to Copernicus's. It was precisely because of Planck's promotion that the theory of relativity quickly became a topic of research and discussion, and Einstein also attracted the attention of academic circles.
In 197, Einstein followed the advice of his friends and submitted that famous paper to apply for the position of supernumerary lecturer at the Federal University of Technology, but the answer was that the paper was incomprehensible. Although Einstein was well-known in German physics, in Switzerland, he could not get a university teaching position, and many famous people began to complain for him. In 198, Einstein finally got the position of an extra lecturer and became an associate professor the following year. In 1912, Einstein became a professor, and in 1913, at the invitation of Planck, he became the newly established Emperor William.