In Qing Dynasty, Pan Deyu said, "There were poets in the Northern Song Dynasty, and poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty." Song Dynasty is the heyday of Ci, from emperors and generals to prostitutes who advocate Excellence. According to Tang Guizhang's "Song Ci", there are more than 1,200 poets in the two Song Dynasties, with more than 21,600 words. It can be seen that there are so many poets and rich works in Song Dynasty that they are incomparable in any era. Song ci flourished.
(1) Economic prosperity
In order to consolidate political rule, strengthen centralization of authority, restrain the rise of local forces and make the domestic situation more stable. The Song Dynasty also adopted a series of measures to promote the development of agricultural production, the rise of handicrafts and commerce, and the prosperity of urban economy. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains region was spared from military disasters for more than a hundred years, and the art and culture adapted to social and economic prosperity also developed rapidly, especially the words with short forms and distinctive singing characteristics, such as the prosperous Tang poems, which were very prominent.
(2) the establishment of teaching workshops and karaoke bars
In order to meet the needs of the rulers at that time, there were not only "teaching workshops" in the court, but also geisha halls and prostitutes halls in big cities. There were also many geisha and dancers in the aristocratic gentry's homes, which promoted the development of lyrics more generally.
(3) the development of literature itself
By the end of the Tang Dynasty, poetry had reached a mature stage, no matter how long or how old. It is difficult for writers to make a new breakthrough, and it is replaced by another style, and words are a new form to replace poetry. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Ci became a part of literati's enjoyment. Due to the narrow realm of five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, it left a vast world for poets in the Song Dynasty to fully display their talents. They used it. It expresses sincere and frank feelings, so the theme of Ci is broader, the system of Ci is gradually complete, and the artistic style is diversified, which can be said to have entered the golden age of Ci.
General situation of the development of Song Ci
Early northern song dynasty
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the upper-class literati generally inherited the ci style of the two masters, Nan Tang and Feng Yansi, without much new development. The poets in this period were Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Zhang Xian, Yan, Liu Yong and Su Shi, among whom Liu Yong and Su Shi made outstanding achievements.
The content of Yan Shu's Ci mainly expresses the feelings of singing, music, feasting and regretting the passage of time. His words are elegant and affectionate, with beautiful style, skillful language and harmonious tone, which is quite artistic. His "A New Word and a Glass of Wine in Huanxisha" and "News Agency when Swallows Come" are all well-known works.
Ouyang Xiu's ci has a narrow theme, and he mostly writes about women's posture, love between men and women, parting from sorrow, making friends and feasting, etc. He likes to use common sayings to enter words, which is fresh and natural, and his feelings are sincere and lingering. His Walking on the Sand can best represent this style.
The content of Zhang Xi 'an's ci mainly describes the life of literati, men and women, and also reflects the life of metropolis. He likes to write slow words, which has played a certain role in the development of ci style.
The appearance of Liu Yong's Ci changed the style of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. He inherited and developed the fine traditions of folk ci and literati ci in his creation. With his simple and natural ci style, he brought a new look to graceful ci, developed a slow ci system and made important contributions to the development of later ci.
Su Shi innovated his ci, making it poetic, prose and argumentative, expanding the theme of ci and improving the artistic conception of ci. The artistic conception of his ci is magnificent, which has greatly changed his ci in form, content and style, and opened up a healthy and broad road for his ci.
Late northern song dynasty
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, it developed in artistic conception and temperament. Among them, the most representative poets are Qin Guan, a graceful poet, and Zhou Bangyan, a metrical poet, followed by He Zuoxiu, whose ci style is similar to Qin Guan.
Qin Guan's ci poems mainly focus on tender feelings, love between men and women, parting feelings and sentimental life stories, such as Walking to Tasha Chenzhou Hotel and Wei Yun in Fangshan, Man Ting, etc., with sincere feelings, delicate style, skillful language and strong artistic appeal.
Zhou Bangyan is proficient in melody, and he can compose his own music. His poetic metrical method is extremely accurate, which is a norm for later poets and has great influence.
He Zhu was an important poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and his ci content and rhetoric were equally important. He Zhu's words are graceful and unrestrained. Most of his works are about the feelings of men and women and the feelings of parting, and a few works, such as Jade Case, are also excellent.
Early southern song dynasty
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the northern Jurchen nobles established the Jin State, occupying the vast northern area ruled by the Song Dynasty. Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou established a local peaceful small court in Lin 'an for the Southern Song Dynasty. In order to maintain local peace, he called the state of Jin a vassal. People and scholars with a sense of justice and national integrity at that time showed a high degree of patriotism. This great spirit has been embodied in literary works, and patriotism has been integrated into literary thoughts.
There were many poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty, including Li Qingzhao, Zhang, Yue Fei, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Liu Guo and so on. Li Qingzhao was an outstanding poetess in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Her poems were graceful and fresh. In her later works, there are negative emotions, sentimental tone and strong patriotic thoughts.
Xin Qiji is a patriot. He has both literary talent and martial arts. His words are generous and heroic, singing the heroic passion at the time of national crisis and expressing the people's desire to resist the Jurchen invaders at that time. Xin Ci was the most outstanding representative writer at that time. He expressed his feelings, wrote scenes, recorded notes and reasoned, and was invincible.
Zhang Ci was good at expressing grief and indignation, which opened up a broad creative road for patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. His poems "Why Heart Lang Dream Around China" and "Slow Rain and Fast Flying Clouds in Shizhou" are all well-known. His words are solemn and stirring, and express his thoughts directly.
Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold star in the Southern Song Dynasty, was framed by the traitor Qin Gui and died in prison. His poem, "The River is Red and Rushing to the Crown" is an immortal heroic poem, full of strong patriotic feelings. Yue Fei's writing style is rough, intense and sincere. Others, such as "Xiao Zhongshan was cold last night" and "Man Jiang Hong looked at the Central Plains from afar", have also been passed down to later generations.
Lu You was a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, and he was also good at Ci. Most of his ci poems show strong patriotism, ambition to kill the enemy and serve the country, and dissatisfaction with the decadent court, such as Confessions and Yongmei.
Late southern song dynasty
In the late Southern Song Dynasty, due to the relative stability of the confrontation between the North and the South in Song and Jin Dynasties, the ruling group was more accustomed to seeking peace and enjoyment. At that time, there were more and more works engraved with chapters and sentences in the literary world. It is in this context that the school of metrical ci, represented by Jiang Kui, Shi Dazu and Wu Wenying, emerged.
Jiang Kui is an important writer of the school of graceful and restrained words in the Southern Song Dynasty. He started the school of graceful and restrained words with a cool style. His ci has a great influence on later generations, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Shi Dazu's ci is poor in content, writing more leisurely and carefree, carving words and expressions, pursuing gorgeous and ingenious forms, and lacking artistic conception and temperament. He is good at chanting things and describing details, such as "Flying Swallows Together".
Wu Wenying's words are harmonious in rhythm and diction, but he pays too much attention to form and likes to use allusions to make words meaningful.
Obscure and difficult to understand. His ci is poor in content, and he writes about the luxurious life of the rulers or expresses decadent and sentimental emotions. A few of his works have certain social significance and high artistic conception, such as A Tour of Lingyan in Ganzhou by Klang accompanied by Fish.
The Evolution of Song Ci in System
According to the change of musical tone, words develop into chapters with different lengths, which are generally divided into "poem" and "bell"
Tone "and" long tone "are three types: small orders within 58 words; Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto; More than 9 1 word is a long sound.
In the early Song Dynasty, Xiao Ling dominated.
Poetry is also called "Lingqu", and most of the words of the literati in Tang and Five Dynasties are poems of at least sixteen characters, such as "sixteen characters"
There are as many as 2 15 words in Ling, such as Li Shengling. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Yan Shu and others wrote some poems. Alto is longer than minor melody, which is generally called "sound" and "gold". "Yin" means "Yin Ge", originally referring to the first part of Daqu in Tang Dynasty. As a lyric poem, Yin Ge is longer than Xiao Ling.
Long tune, also known as "slow words", is a long tune in ci tune. Judging from the evolution and development of ci in the literary world, a large number of spiritual ci appeared at the earliest, and then a large number of moderate and slow ci appeared. There are also some long-tune works in pronouns in the Tang Dynasty. Although the long tune appeared among the people in the Tang Dynasty, it was rarely imitated by literati. From the mid-Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, Xiao Ling was still the main word of literati until Zhang Xian.
Liu Yong wrote a lot of long tunes.
Zhang Xian, a poet in the early Northern Song Dynasty, liked to write slow words, which played a certain role in the form of words, and Liu Yong was the first poet among literati to create a large number of long-tune words. Since then, poets such as Su Shi, Qin Guan and Huang Tingjian have also created a large number of slow words. Thanks to their efforts, the Northern Song Ci has developed from poetic to mature. Because the appearance of slow words enriches the expressive force of words and can express more complicated feelings.
Measurement of the Words Tested in Zhou Bangyan
Ci entered the integration stage in the late Northern Song Dynasty, with Zhou Bangyan as the representative poet. With Liu Yong's efforts, there were more long tunes, but at that time, the long tunes were still not rigorous in terms of words and rhythm, and the work of reviewing thoughts and harmony was finally left to Zhou Bangyan to complete. Zhou's "good music, able to compose his own music" and "complete poetry" have made certain achievements.
In the late Southern Song Dynasty, poets represented by Jiang Kui, Shi Dazu and Wu Wenying tried to improve the system of Ci studies.
Evolution of Song Ci Style
In the early Song Dynasty, the style of Ci was beautiful and graceful.
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the ci world followed the graceful and restrained style in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, represented by Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Yan and others. Most of their poems describe the love between men and women, or the leisurely life and parting feelings of the upper class. Their works are empty in content and flowery in rhetoric, which continues the style of Huajian Collection, and most of them are poems with few words in form.
With the rise of the Cultural Revolution in Poetry, Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi opened up a new realm for Song Ci. They wrote lyrical lyrics on the spot, breaking the situation that Huajian poets entrusted women to write eroticism.
Content of Liu Yong's pioneering words
Liu Yong's ci has changed a little. He devoted himself to "changing old sounds into new ones" in the city's karaoke bars, which reflected the prosperity of the city. With different aesthetic concepts and artistic tastes, he created a large number of slow words, expanded the content of words, and formed a profound, implicit, emotional and fluent artistic style. In this way, Liu Yong became an early representative of the graceful ci school in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Su Shi created a bold and unconstrained style of ci.
Su Shi created a bold and unconstrained style of ci as opposed to graceful and restrained school. In the language of ci, he took poetry as ci, which freed ci from the bondage of music. In the style and content of ci, he expanded the field of ci, got rid of the "beautiful and fragrant state" of ci at that time, and made ci not only reflect social life, but also write poems, which opened the way for Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty and had a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Qin Guan gained the advantage of a graceful family.
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the poetic world made some progress in artistic conception and temperament. Among them, Qin Guan took the road of graceful and restrained ci school, obtained the performance of many graceful and restrained ci schools, and made great achievements in artistic skills. His works are subtle and elegant, and his writing is gentle. Although he and Liu Yong's ci belong to the graceful school, he did not pour out freely like Liu Yong.
Zhou Bangyan pays attention to the meter of words.
Zhou Bangyan, the founder of metrical ci, is good at blending ancient poetry into ci skillfully and naturally, paying special attention to the carving of ci, the rigor of composition and the harmonious beauty of melody, thus forming a subtle, neat and elegant artistic style.
Li Qingzhao's graceful words are bold and unconstrained.
Li Qingzhao, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, is recognized as an authentic graceful and restrained poetess. On the basis of written and spoken language, she can exercise beautiful and vivid literary language and create creative artistic images. She is another graceful school after Qin Guan, but she has formed a bold artistic style in the graceful school, which is incomparable to Qin Guan. . . .
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