the technological revolution initiated from Britain in the 18th century was a great revolution in the history of technological development, which initiated the era of replacing hand tools with machines. This is not only a technological reform, but also a profound social change. This revolution began with the birth of working machines, and was marked by the widespread use of steam engines as power machines. This technological revolution and the related changes in social relations are called the first industrial revolution or industrial revolution. In terms of production technology, the industrial revolution replaced handicraft workshop with factory system and manual labor with machines; In terms of social relations, the industrial revolution made the yeoman peasant class attached to the backward mode of production disappear, and the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat formed and grew.
Some important inventions before and after the industrial revolution. Inventors invented
In p>1712, Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, obtained a patent for a slightly improved steam engine. In 1733, Kay John flew the shuttle. In 1765, James Hargreaves spun Jenny's spinning machine. In 1769, Aklet hydraulic spinning machine was improved in 1769. In 1778, Joseph Bram improved the steam engine. Crompton Walking Hammer Spinning Mules in 1785 Cartwright Power Loom in 1796 Seinfeld Lithography in 1797 Henry Mozley Screw Cutting Machine in 182 james watt improved Cowcombe Steam Engine, Modern steam engine takes shape in 187, Fulton steam ship in 1812, Trevi Scheck Kearney boiler in 1814, Stephenson steam locomotive in 1815, Han David miner's lamp in 1844, William Fearborn Lancashire boiler in 1844
The second industrial revolution
After p>187, science and technology developed by leaps and bounds, and various new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production and greatly promoted. This is the second industrial revolution. At that time, the outstanding development of science and technology was mainly manifested in three aspects, namely, the wide application of electric power, the creation of internal combustion engines and new means of transportation, and the invention of new means of communication.
(1) Wide application of electric power: Siemens-generator, Gram-motor; (2) Creation of internal combustion engines and new vehicles: karl benz-cars driven by internal combustion engines, Wright brothers-airplanes; (3) Development of telecommunications: Bell-telephone, Marconi-wireless telegraph (4) Establishment of chemical industry: Nobel-explosives (plastics, man-made fibers).