What is pigment? What does it do?

What is pigment? What does it do? Pigment can also be called color scale, which is the index standard to express the brightness of display screen, which is what we call color index. The color fullness and fineness of the display screen are determined by the color scale. Industry standards are 256 colors, 4096 colors and 65536 colors. The color scale of color screen mobile phone is improved by 16 times. Harm of Pigment: Pigment makes food more attractive. Many natural foods have their own colors. These colors can promote people's appetite, increase the secretion of digestive juice, facilitate digestion and absorption, and are important sensory indicators of food. However, natural foods are easy to fade or change color during processing and storage. In order to improve the color of food, people often add food pigments in the process of processing food to improve sensory characteristics. Adding pigment to food is not a patent of modern people. In fact, in ancient China, people knew that red wine was made of monascus pigment. Since Parkin, an Englishman, synthesized the first artificial pigment, aniline violet, in 1856, artificial pigment has also appeared on the stage and played a role in improving the color of food. Nowadays, there are two kinds of edible pigments in common use: natural pigments and synthetic pigments. Natural pigments are derived from natural materials, mainly extracted from plant tissues, and also include some pigments from animals and microorganisms. Synthetic pigment refers to the organic pigment prepared by artificial chemical synthesis, which is mainly made of aniline dye separated from coal tar. For a long time, people have not realized the harm of synthetic pigments, and compared with natural pigments, synthetic pigments have the advantages of bright color, strong coloring, stable performance and low price. Synthetic pigments are widely used in food processing industry in many countries. With the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, more and more people question whether the use of synthetic pigments in food will do harm to human health. At the same time, a large number of research reports point out that almost all synthetic pigments can not provide nutrition to human body, and some synthetic pigments may even endanger human health. The former Soviet Union conducted a long-term animal experiment on amaranth as food pigment in 1968- 1970, and found that its carcinogenic rate was as high as 22%. Researchers in the United States, Britain and other countries have also found that not only amaranth, but also many other synthetic pigments are harmful to human body, which may lead to decreased fertility and teratogenesis. Some pigments may be converted into carcinogens in the human body. Researchers say that synthetic pigments are made of coal tar, commonly known as coal tar pigments or aniline pigments, which are harmful to human body. Hazards include general toxicity, diarrhea, mutagenicity (gene mutation) and carcinogenesis. In particular, the carcinogenic effect of azo compound synthetic pigment is more obvious. Azo compounds can be decomposed into three aromatic amines in vivo, which may cause cancer by interacting with target cells after metabolic activities in vivo. In addition, many edible synthetic pigments are toxic to themselves or their metabolites, and arsenic and lead may be mixed in the production process. Cream yellow, which used to color margarine, has long been proved to cause liver cancer in humans and animals, while other synthetic pigments such as orange yellow can cause subcutaneous sarcoma, liver cancer, intestinal cancer and malignant lymphoma. Attitudes of countries towards synthetic pigments. Countries all over the world, especially western developed countries, have not only done a lot of investigation and study on the influence of pigments on human health, but also have strict regulations on the management of edible pigments and the use of synthetic pigments. Many synthetic pigments have been banned or strictly used. In Denmark, researchers suggest that instead of banning the addition of pigments to food, it is better to indicate the types of pigments added on food labels. In this way, consumers can decide whether to buy food. In addition, Denmark * * * also decided to ban the use of pigments in basic foods and required all new pigments to be indicated on food labels. Denmark took this action to ensure that people who are allergic to certain pigments eat basic foods without pigments. Other countries restrict the use of certain pigments, especially azo pigments, in food more strictly. After years of efforts, the varieties of edible synthetic pigments that can be legally used have been greatly reduced. When synthetic pigments are used the most in the world, there are more than 100 varieties. There are 27 kinds of synthetic pigments approved for use in Japan, of which 16 has been banned. The United States 1960 allows the use of 35 kinds of synthetic pigments, and now only 7 kinds are left. Sweden, Finland, Norway, India, Denmark, France and other countries have already banned the use of azo pigments, and some countries such as Norway have completely banned the use of any chemical synthetic pigments. In addition, some countries have banned the addition of synthetic pigments to meat, fish and their processed products, fruits and their products, condiments, baby food, cakes and other foods. China restricts the use of synthetic pigments. There are also strict restrictions on the addition of synthetic pigments to food in China: all meat and its processed products, fish and its processed products, vinegar, soy sauce, fermented bean curd and other condiments, fruits and their products, milk and dairy products, baby food, biscuits and cakes cannot use synthetic pigments. Only a small amount of soft drinks, cold drinks, candy, mixed wine and fruit juice can be used, generally not exceeding110000. At present, there are six varieties of edible synthetic pigments approved for use in China, namely amaranth, carmine, lemon yellow, sunset yellow, indigo and brilliant blue. Although the harmfulness of these six kinds of edible synthetic pigments is inconclusive, they have no nutritional value and are not helpful to human health. Try not to eat it if you can. In fact, driven by huge economic benefits, the phenomenon of excessive use of synthetic pigments in food in China has been repeatedly banned. When buying food, everyone must be careful not to pursue the color of food too much. The harm of pigment in cosmetics can not be ignored. Synthetic pigments are widely used not only in food industry, but also in cosmetics industry. Cosmetics have become a necessity in people's daily life, but some substances in cosmetics often bring certain harm to the health of beauty lovers, including pigments. Cosmetic is a daily chemical product, which contains many chemicals. According to statistics, at present, there are about 7,000 chemicals in the world as raw materials for cosmetics, which are mixed into various cosmetics in different proportions, and most cosmetics contain pigments. According to a statistic, perfume is the most dangerous cosmetic raw material leading to panel dysfunction, followed by pigment and preservative, which is called "three evils" of cosmetics. The damage proportion of spices is 50.6%, that of pigments is 43.9%, and that of antiseptic and bactericide is 4.9%. In recent years, the panel diseases caused by pigments have increased sharply, which has become a major topic for experts in the fields of medical care, beauty and cosmetics, so that they named this new type of panel disease "cosmetic beauty disease". Some researchers have pointed out that the pigment in cosmetics has a certain relationship with the pigmentation of human panels. Pigmentation is a brown spot on the normal panel, which seriously affects the image and runs counter to the intention of human beings to use cosmetics. Researchers say that the pigment contained in cosmetics is also a tar derivative, which is sensitive to light for a long time and will lead to pigmentation. Pigmentation caused by cosmetics is often accompanied by inflammatory phenomena such as facial flushing and papules. Lipstick is one of the most commonly used cosmetics. Because it is applied to the lips, it is easy to slip into the body when eating. Generally speaking, swallowing a small amount of lipstick is unlikely to cause harm to the body, but lipstick contains pigments, which will cause potential harm to the body for a long time. Pigment is also one of the important reasons that lead people to be allergic to cosmetics. It often causes burning sensation, itching, peeling, slight pain and other allergic symptoms. Natural pigments are replacing synthetic pigments, and people are more and more aware of the harm of synthetic pigments. Accordingly, more and more attention has been paid to natural pigments. Different from synthetic pigments, edible natural pigments are not only non-toxic, but also nutritious and even have pharmacological effects. At present, it has become the development trend of food and cosmetics industry to develop natural pigments and replace synthetic pigments with natural pigments. It is reported that there are 97 kinds of natural pigments allowed in Japan, accounting for 90% of the market. There are 48 kinds of natural pigments allowed to be used in China. However, due to the complex components of natural pigments, structural changes may occur during processing, and impurities may also be mixed, so it cannot be blindly considered as absolutely pure and harmless. But it should be affirmed that modern production, management, analysis and testing, process improvement and other measures can reduce the adverse effects of synthetic pigments and natural pigments to a safe level. As long as synthetic pigments and natural pigments are used in strict accordance with national laws and regulations, pigments will bring joy and pleasure to people and our world will become better. ▲ People like to add pigments to food to make its color more attractive.

What is hemoglobin? What's the role? Hemoglobin is a conventional name, now collectively referred to as hemoglobin, which is an important index to evaluate whether a patient is anemic. Some men use11~15gm/dl, men use 13~ 18gm/dl, and others use 12 ~ 6558.

What is a hormone? What does it do? Hormones are a group of trace organic compounds produced by special tissues or glands in organisms, which are directly secreted into body fluids and transported to specific action sites through body fluids, thus producing special excitatory effects.

Its function is to promote the division and cooperation of cells, tissues and organs of higher organisms and form a unified whole.

What is a root? What does it do? Root means permission. After the mobile phone roor, the software that cannot be deleted can be uninstalled.

What is javabean and what does it do? Javabean is actually a Java class, but it is stipulated that the setter () and getter () methods must be set for the fields of the class.

take for example

Level a

Private int number;

public void setNumber(int n){

this . number = n；

}

public int getNumber(){

Returns this.number

}

}

What is ATP and what does it do? triphosadenine

Function: the direct energy source of various life activities.

What is ATP? (adenosine triphosphate)

ATP is also called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short.

It is an organic compound containing high-energy phosphate bonds,

ATP is the direct energy source of life activities, but its content in the body is not high.

The pre-stored ATP energy of human body can only last 15 seconds, and it will be used up after running 100 meters.

Insufficient to continue to synthesize ATP through respiration.

I. Energy substances

There are many kinds of energy substances stored in muscle, mainly adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), muscle glycogen, fat and so on.

Second, the metabolism of energy substances.

(1) During strenuous exercise under anaerobic metabolism, the body is in a state of temporary hypoxia.

The metabolic process of energy substances in anoxic state is called anaerobic metabolism. It includes the following two energy supply systems.

① Non-lactic acid energy (ATP-CP) system-generally can maintain muscle activity 10 second.

anaerobic metabolism

② Lactate energy system-generally can maintain muscle activity of 1~3 points.

Non-lactic acid energy (ATP-CP) system and lactic acid energy system are joined in a short time,

The main way for strenuous exercise muscles to provide energy. The time for ATP to release energy for muscle contraction is only 1~3 seconds.

Energy is provided by CP decomposition, but the content of CP in muscle can only be utilized after ATP synthesis.

The decomposed energy lasts for 6-8 seconds for muscle contraction. Therefore,

The rapid activity in 10 second mainly depends on the energy provided by ATP-CP system during muscle contraction.

Lactic acid energy supply system is that muscle glycogen in muscle is glycolyzed under anoxia when continuous strenuous exercise.

After a series of chemical reactions, lactic acid is finally produced in the body, releasing energy for muscle contraction.

This generation of gratitude process can provide about 1~3 minutes of muscle contraction time.

(2) Aerobic metabolism

Under the condition of sufficient oxygen, muscle glycogen or fat is completely oxidized and decomposed, and finally CO2 and H2O are generated.

At the same time, it releases a lot of catabolism, which is called aerobic oxidation system.

(3) Energy supply

1, understand that exercise can promote health.

Physical exercise accelerates the consumption of energy substances in the body and promotes the decomposition and synthesis of substances in the body.

Make tissues and cells get more nutritional supplements than before, and the body gets more vigorous activity.

So as to make the body develop and improve continuously, which is the basic reason for physical exercise to promote the healthy development of the body.

2. Understand the relationship between energy supply and improving sports ability.

Physical exercise consumes energy substances in the body. After a period of rest,

The energy substances in the body can recover or even exceed the original level, which is called excessive recovery.

The degree and time of excessive recovery depend on the amount of exercise.

The greater the amount of exercise in a certain range, the more energy substances consumed in the body and the greater the degree of excessive recovery.

But it takes a long time, so when the body is in the stage of excessive recovery, it is necessary to take a second proper exercise and rest.

It can gradually improve the energy supply level of the human body, thus continuously improving the sports ability of the human body.

3, understand the truth of aerobic exercise to lose weight.

Long-term exercise is carried out under aerobic metabolism, and energy is provided by fat metabolism.

So aerobic exercise is an effective way to lose weight by consuming fat.

4, the body's anaerobic metabolism ability mainly depends on the following three aspects:

① ATP and CP content and decomposition rate in muscle;

② Anaerobic glycolysis rate of muscle glycogen and buffering capacity of blood to lactic acid;

③ Tolerance of nerves and muscles to hypoxia and lactic acid accumulation.

Anaerobic metabolic ability is an important basis of speed quality. Physical education class's method of developing anaerobic metabolism,

Generally, intermittent exercise and continuous exercise are adopted.

Intermittent exercise mainly develops the energy supply capacity of ATP-CP system. Generally, each practice is within 30 seconds.

Taking an active rest at 1~3 o'clock and then doing proper exercises can improve the speed quality.

Constant practice mainly develops the supply capacity of lactic acid system. Generally, each practice lasts more than 30 seconds.

Shorter rest time can improve speed endurance.

5. Develop the ability of aerobic metabolism

Aerobic metabolism ability is the ability of human body to carry out aerobic exercise for a long time.

The key to developing aerobic metabolism ability is to have sufficient oxygen supply, that is, the human body absorbs it in unit time,

Maximum value of oxygen used-maximum oxygen consumption.

The maximum oxygen consumption is closely related to the oxygen carried and transported by blood circulation in unit time. Therefore,

Cardiopulmonary function directly affects the maximum oxygen consumption.

Adopt low or moderate intensity and long duration exercise, because the body can get sufficient oxygen supply,

Aerobic oxidation can provide energy, so it can improve aerobic metabolism ability, thus improving cardiopulmonary function.

The ways in which the body provides energy during exercise can be divided into two categories:

One is anaerobic energy supply,

That is to say, in the case of no oxygen or relatively insufficient oxygen supply,

Energy is mainly provided by ATP and CP decomposition and anaerobic glycolysis of glycogen.

(that is, glycogen is decomposed into lactic acid without oxygen to provide energy for the body).

This kind of exercise can only last for a short time (1-3 minutes or so). Run all the way under 800 meters,

Short-distance sprint belongs to anaerobic energy-supplying exercise.

The other is aerobic energy supply,

That is, the energy during exercise mainly comes from the aerobic oxidation of glycogen (fat, protein).

Due to sufficient oxygen supply during exercise, glycogen can be completely decomposed and a lot of energy is released.

So it can last a long time. This kind of sports, such as running more than 5000 meters,

Swimming 1 over 500m: jogging, race walking, disco, ballroom dancing, cycling and Tai Ji Chuan all belong to this kind of sports.

From this, we can get a simple enlightenment: that is, high-intensity exercise cannot last for a long time.

The total energy consumption is less, which is not an ideal way to lose weight; While the exercise with lower intensity provides enough oxygen,

Long duration, more total energy consumption, more conducive to weight loss. The ultimate goal of losing weight is to consume too much fat in the body.

Rather than reducing moisture or other ingredients.

When doing aerobic exercise, you should also pay attention to the following points:

First, exercise should choose moderate intensity exercise, that is, keep the heart rate at 60-70% of the highest heart rate during exercise.

(maximum heart rate = 220- age), when the intensity is too high, the energy consumption is mainly sugar, and the muscle's ability to oxidize fat is low;

The load is too small, and the body's calorie consumption is insufficient, which can't achieve the purpose of losing weight.

Two, moderate intensity exercise, exercise time should be long enough, generally each exercise should not be less than 30 minutes.

In moderate-intensity exercise, the body does not use fat as energy immediately at the beginning.

Because fat is released from the fat bank, it takes some time to transport it to the muscle, at least 20 minutes.

Exercise can be decided according to your own conditions, hobbies and interests, such as walking, jogging, disco, ballroom dancing,

Swimming and so on are all suitable ways.

Third, the storage and utilization of fat is a dynamic balance, so you should always take part in sports and never do it once and for all.

Weight loss exercise should be carried out every day without interruption.

What is FTP? What does it do? 1 is a network protocol, and its full name is file transfer protocol. Mainly used for file transmission.

2. Network service based on FTP protocol. Mainly used for uploading and downloading files.

What is BAT? What does it do? 1. Format of batch file

The file with the suffix bat is a batch file, which is a file in text format. It is executed in DOS environment, and its function is to automatically and continuously execute multiple commands. The content of batch file is one command at a time.

Our most common AUTOEXEC. BAT is an automatic batch file. Every time the computer is turned on, it will look for this batch file in the current root directory, so that it can execute some commands that need to be executed every time it is turned on.

Write files in bat format, generally any text editing software can be used.

In DOS environment, you can also write by printing the command "copycon[ file name]". Bat ".

Executable files are the most easily encountered under DOS, and there are two suffixes: *. Exe and *. (* here refers to any file name), which is a program written in assembly language or other high-level languages and a file directly executed under DOS. Sometimes, due to many software functions and small memory, it is impossible to transfer all of them into memory at once. There may also be ovl files with the same name, such as ws.exe and ws.ovl, and there is another file that can be directly executed. Bat, that is, batch file, contains many commands or executable file names, which are mainly used to improve work efficiency. The most useful one is Autoexec.bat, which will be automatically executed when opened (automatic execution is automatic execution in English). Another file that can be loaded but not directly executed is the system expansion package management file *. Sys (system) mainly provides drivers for some nonstandard devices such as mouse, extended memory, etc. For unified management, a text file of config.sys is specially designated, and these necessary device drivers are automatically loaded at startup. Once these files are deleted or renamed by mistake or attacked by viruses, the system will work abnormally directly.

What are cookies? What does it do? Cookies are text files in data. Txt format) is temporarily stored in your computer by the server so that the server can identify your computer. This paper briefly introduces what cookies are, what functions cookies have, and what problems exist in using cookies in websites.

What are cookies? Simply put, Cookies are text files in data. Txt format) is temporarily stored in your computer by the server so that the server can identify your computer. When you browse the Website, the web server will send a short message to your computer first, and Cookies will record all the words or some choices you enter on the website. The next time you visit the same website, the web server will first check to see if there is any Cookie information left by it last time. If there is, it will judge the user according to the content in the cookie and send you the specific webpage content.

What does the biscuit do? Many websites have new user registration items. Sometimes, if you register, you will be automatically recognized and welcomed the next time you visit the website. Do you feel very kind? Of course, this effect is only superficial. More importantly, websites can use cookies to track and count users' habits of visiting websites, such as when to visit, which pages to visit and the time spent on each page. Using this information, on the one hand, it can provide personalized service for users, on the other hand, it can also be used as a tool to understand all users' behaviors, which has certain reference value for the improvement of website management strategy. For example, if you check the flight schedule on the airline website, the website may have set Cookies containing your travel plans, or it may only record the pages you visited on the website. The next time you visit, the website will adjust the content displayed according to your situation, and put the content you are interested in first. This is a high-end Cookie application. At present, the most extensive use of Cookies is to record the login information of users, so that you don't need to enter your user name and password for the next visit-of course, this convenience also has the problem of user information leakage, especially when multiple users use a computer.

In addition, some people think that the use of cookies on websites may infringe on users' privacy. However, because most users don't know much about this, and this behavior of using users' personal information is mostly used as statistical data, it may not cause direct losses to users. Therefore, there is no relevant legal constraint on the issue of cookies and user privacy. Many websites still use cookies to track users' behaviors, and some programs require users to open cookies to use them normally. IE browser users can decide whether to allow websites to use cookies to track their own information through the level of privacy settings in privacy options, from all restrictions to all restrictions, or restrict some websites, or they can manually set specific websites to allow or prohibit the use of cookies for editing. The default setting of IE browser is "intermediate"-some websites have restrictions on using cookie. Cookies settings of personal computer (IE browser) can be viewed and modified through the menu "Tools-Internal Options-Privacy".

What is CSS? What does it do? CSS (cascading style

Worksheets are a set of formatting rules used to control the appearance of web pages. By using CSS styles to format a page, the content of the page can

Separate from the form of expression. The content of the page is stored in an HTML file, while the CSS rules used to define the presentation are stored in another file or a part of the HTML file, usually the file header. Jiangnei

The separation of content and expression can not only make it easier to maintain the appearance of the website, but also make the HTML document code more concise and shorten the loading time of the browser.