Problems, methods and results. Specific.
For example:
1 writing essentials of scientific research papers
Professor Zhang Zhencheng, Institute of Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University
College of Information Engineering, University I
Writing a paper is to convey our ideas to readers through the expression of words. From the marketing point of view, this paper is like a product, and its selling point lies in the knowledge it wants to convey. Before the product is sold, we should consider how to make the selling point of the product unique and acceptable after it is formed, so the paper must be rich in content, solid in argument and concise in writing. Writing a thesis should generally include the following contents:
1. Title
2. Summary
Step 3 introduce
review
5. subjects
6. Theoretical analysis
experiment
8. discussion
9.conclusion
10. Reference
1 1. Appendix
chart
key word
author
The first to eleventh parts are the main structure of the paper, while charts, keywords and authors are some details that must be paid attention to. For the above part, we describe it as follows:
First, the topic:
The title of the paper aims to tell readers what the paper is talking about and occasionally prompt its main research results, so the title is the signboard of your paper. A good signboard can attract readers' attention, at least make readers interested in reading your paper, so it is very important to choose a topic. Even if there is good content but no good topic, the value of the whole paper will be greatly reduced. The definition of the topic must be appropriate, fresh and creative, which can truly reflect the content of the paper. The length of the topic and the accuracy of the words should be well grasped. One less word is too little, and one more word is too much, so that readers can be deeply attracted and expect the content when they see the topic. Don't make the topic too long, because it will greatly reduce the appeal of your paper. Therefore, setting a good topic is the first step to attract readers to read this article.
Second, summary:
It is the epitome of the whole paper, and readers may have to read the abstract to know whether it is suitable for them, so the writing of the abstract must be concise, clear and not too lengthy. If the reader can have a clear outline of the whole paper after reading the abstract, then the abstract is successful.
Three. Introduction:
Some people say that after reading the abstract, introduction and conclusion, we can clearly know what this paper is doing, because these three parts have the responsibility to clearly construct the whole context of the paper and make an orderly explanation of the cause and effect of the article. As the name implies, the introduction is to guide the reader into the core of the article, so the content of the introduction must explain the motivation of doing this paper, and at the same time point out what the problem is to be discussed and the importance of solving it. In this part, what are the relevant research results on this issue at present? Even what are the advantages and disadvantages of these related studies? What is the difference between our research results and theirs? Most importantly, where is our method better than theirs? Remember that a paper has only one problem, that is, a paper only solves one problem, and a paper must not have two or more problems at the same time.
Fourth, review:
The most important thing in this part is to review some related research methods and put forward the comparison objects. In the introduction, we mentioned the related research on the same problem. In this section, we can briefly introduce other people's methods, so that readers can have more understanding and compare with our methods later. This part does not need to transplant all the contents of others, just extract the key points and introduce them specifically. For example, we can rewrite the algorithm or directly illustrate other people's methods with examples. Usually, it is easier for readers to understand other people's methods with examples.
Verb (short for verb) Subject:
The main part is to introduce the proposed method, which is the core of the full text. This part only puts forward one method, and it is forbidden to put forward several methods to kill each other. For example, after putting forward Method 1, I put forward a better Method 2, and then I put forward a better Method 3 ... Finally, I put forward the best Method 5, which makes the article too long, and presents the contradiction between Method 1 and Method 4 for no reason, and because of space reasons, readers find the real focus of the whole article after reading more than half of the article, which is tantamount to the inappropriate focus of another article; Unless, all the proposed methods have their own conditions, for example, in the case of condition 1, method 1 may be better, method 2 may be more efficient under condition 2, and method 5 may be more efficient when condition 5 is established. In this case, it is not absolutely superior to a certain method, so it is more appropriate to put forward multiple methods in one paper at the same time.
These methods have their own reasons in each case. Although it can be digested in many papers, it is not necessary to put it all in one paper. However, it should be noted that although the number of papers has increased, the quality of each paper may be only one-fifth of the original, and its value is relatively reduced. As far as submission strategy is concerned, it is not the best policy. Therefore, if you want to vote for a high-ranking journal, you'd better submit it at one time to improve the quality of the whole paper, so that you can have a chance to be admitted to a higher-ranking journal.
Sixth, theoretical analysis:
This is a very important section, which can be said to be the pillar of the whole paper. Just like building a house, the stronger the beams and columns, the more stable the house will be. The correctness, appropriateness and feasibility of the content of the paper depend entirely on the performance of this section. In the last section, we talked about the method proposed by Kan Kan. In this part, we must theoretically analyze the correctness, appropriateness and feasibility of this method.
We must use relevant theories to analyze and compare. In addition to proving the correctness, appropriateness and feasibility of our proposed method on the theoretical basis, we can also compare our method with other methods and prove that our method is superior to other methods. For example, we can use the same theory to help others to derive some efficiency calculation methods, and then compare them, or we can directly compare them through complexity analysis.
Seven, experiment:
In this section, we can put forward some experimental data to prove the correctness and superiority of the theoretical analysis in the previous chapter, or we can use experimental data to prove it when the theoretical analysis is not strong enough. But the experimental data must be objective. If it can be compared with some famous experimental data, the effect will be better, and the experimental data should not be too small, otherwise it will lose objectivity. In fact, the experimental data is not very objective for some people who study mathematics, because we can usually only do the experimental data of a few examples, and then compare and infer from these data. For a method, mathematical proof can strongly convince readers that this method is effective in every situation. In contrast, experimental data and mathematical proof are obviously much weaker. Therefore, when doing experiments, it is best to list more experimental data. In a word, the more experimental data, the more acceptable our method will be to others. Remember, the more experimental data, the better, but never falsify the data. Once you falsify data, you make a serious taboo.
Eight. Discussion:
For the first two sections (theoretical analysis and experiment), we can do some discussion, discuss some observed phenomena or put forward our ideas and opinions, and also add some critical opinions. If the content is not much, this section can be merged into the first two sections, and carried out in parallel with "analysis and discussion" and "experimental discussion". If there is a lot of content, it can be divided into its own section. The content of the discussion must be objective, not biased, not deliberately concealing the facts, and not exaggerating, just saying a few words about some evidence. For example, your method is more efficient than other methods, but you may have done some pretreatment work in advance, and what other effects these pretreatment may bring must also be explained clearly, so as to be an objective analysis, otherwise people will think that your analysis is not objective, and the value of the proposed method will be greatly reduced.
Nine. Conclusion:
The conclusion is the end of the full text. The beauty of the ending should be concise and powerful, and it will lose its meaning if it is too long. Therefore, conclusion and summary are two very similar parts. Usually, the conclusion part must summarize the content of the paper. In addition, the contribution of the paper must be emphasized in order to highlight the value of the paper. Finally, we can point out some problems worth thinking about, or put forward research directions that can be done in the future for readers' reference.
X. references:
The formation of a paper must be formed by the accumulation of knowledge in many documents. The purpose of listing references is to facilitate readers to find our references, so the listed references must be mentioned in the paper, and what is not mentioned in the paper must not appear in this part, otherwise you can list hundreds of references at will to increase the space, so the connection between the literature and this article will be very confusing, so this is definitely something to pay attention to; The listed references must be complete so that the reader can easily find the documents he wants to refer to. There are many ways to write references, usually just choose a general specification to imitate, such as IEEE format; In addition, when listing references, we must pay attention to several things. First, each referenced document must be in the correct location. For example, when the reader is told that [8] is RSA encryption, the reference [8] is DES encryption, which is incorrect. In addition, when you cite a method that has appeared in many literatures, choose the most famous one as your reference, which can increase the value of this paper, and try not to list local conference papers or articles written in non-English in the reference. Generally speaking, the degree of internationalization of such papers is low, which not only makes it difficult for readers to find information according to the documents listed later, but also invisibly.
XI。 Appendix:
This part is usually some theorem proofs mentioned in the paper, or some charts used in the paper. Theorem proofs or charts can also be placed directly in the appropriate place in the paper without appearing in the appendix. Usually the process of theorem proving is too long or the chart is too big, so we move them to the appendix. Therefore, the theorem proof or diagram should be directly placed in the text or appendix, and the author can choose freely.
In addition, we will explain the details such as charts, keywords and authors in the following:
Chart:
As mentioned above, the chart can be placed directly in the paper or in the appendix. However, it must be noted that the description of the chart must be consistent, that is, when you describe your chart with Figure. 1, you can't change the description of Figure 2 to Figure 2. These two writing methods will be considered inconsistent in the article, so the description of the chart must be completely consistent from beginning to end. If abbreviations are used, they should be abbreviated from beginning to end, such as: Figure. 1, Figure 2, … Figure. 10, or not, such as: Figure 1, Figure 2, …, Figure 10. In addition, the sentence describing the chart cannot have a period, because it is not a complete sentence, as shown below:
It is also important that when describing a graph or table, the sentences describing the graph or table are placed in different positions and all have fixed formats. When you describe a graphic sentence, such as figure 1 public key cryptosystem, the text must be placed at the bottom of the graphic, and the sentence describing the table must be placed at the top of the table, as shown below:
key word
Keywords usually refer to what knowledge is mainly involved in this article, usually between the abstract and the introduction. There should not be too many keywords listed, preferably no more than five or six words.
author
There may be more than one author of a paper, sometimes there are two, three or even more. In the arrangement of the author's name, it is usually arranged according to the contribution to the paper. The one who makes the greatest contribution ranks first, the one who makes the second contribution ranks second, and so on, and usually the person who puts forward the idea ranks first, so the order of the names is also certain, and it is not allowed to be disordered.
Common mistakes in paper writing and matters needing attention;
The most basic requirement for writing a thesis is sentence fluency. If the sentence is not fluent, it will make people taste like chewing wax and turn their stomach. In addition, to avoid grammatical mistakes, spelling should be correct. There is no need to describe them in too complicated sentences. The so-called "simplicity is good" is an art of writing papers. As far as many famous works are concerned, there will never be very difficult sentences in their articles. Most of them are described in very simple sentences, so you don't have to have a high level of English writing to write an English paper. As long as you can make good use of the English words and sentence patterns you have learned in the past and describe them briefly, you will certainly understand your meaning. In addition, there should be a period at the end of each sentence and a period at the end of the formula, which is a mistake that must be paid attention to when writing.
The symbols used in the paper must be the same size. For example, using capital e to represent efficiency, all symbols describing the same efficiency in the article must be written in capital e, and lowercase e is not allowed in some places, because lowercase e represents different meanings, so the case of symbols must be the same. In addition, the upper and lower subscripts must be clear, and the symbol should be meaningful as far as possible, so that readers can know what the symbol stands for at a glance. For example, efficiency means efficiency, so it is much better to use E to represent efficiency than A to represent efficiency. In addition, some N-letter words are also good ways to describe symbols, among which 3-letter words are the most commonly used. For example, WWW stands for World Wide Web, CRT stands for China's remainder theorem and so on. The reader can guess the meaning of these symbols at a glance. It must also be noted that every symbol appearing in the article must be defined in advance, and an undefined symbol cannot suddenly appear.
An article only solves one problem, and the proposed solution should be simple, with a certain breadth and depth. Every step of the method should be explained clearly, and it can't be passed by. In addition, it is best to quote classic works to increase the value of this paper. For the proposed method, we should make good use of examples to illustrate it, at the same time, we should objectively evaluate it, discuss it from as many angles as possible, and don't jump to conclusions just for one point.
When writing a thesis, plagiarism is the most taboo. The consequences of plagiarism will be very serious. You can't copy a sentence from someone else's article, but you can rewrite it in your own words. If you must move into other people's sentences intact, you must include other people's articles in the references and indicate the source or source of this paragraph. Even my previous articles can't be copied after being admitted to a journal, because the copyright already belongs to that journal after being admitted. If plagiarism is also a taboo, then no matter what articles you refer to, don't plagiarize.
Experience:
Write more:
If you want to write a good paper, there is no other way, that is, write more, master writing skills and accumulate a lot of paper writing experience. After rich experience, the sentences written are naturally smooth and the content to be expressed is more expressive.
Strike while the iron is hot:
When writing a paper, you must strike while the iron is hot, because your writing style may change over time, so if you write a paper for too long, you may not be able to finish the content at one go. There will be differences in the choice of words at two different times, so finish it as soon as possible, not too long.
Grasp a fixed learning object:
Writing a paper is like artistic creation. When you start writing an article, you can catch a fixed learning object and learn his writing style. After you have an imitation object, you will know how to start, so that you can make rapid progress. Over time, practice makes perfect, and gradually you can form your own writing style.
Focus on perfection, almost demanding:
Finally, we must be strict with ourselves and always demand ourselves with the principle of "focusing on perfection, almost demanding", so that writing papers is all-encompassing.
Provisions on Writing Doctoral and Master's Dissertations in Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Dissertation is an academic paper written by a degree applicant for applying for a degree. It is an important basis for judging the academic level of degree applicants and a necessary condition for obtaining a degree. It is also an important document in the field of scientific research and a valuable asset of society. In order to further improve the quality of doctoral and master's dissertations in our school and standardize the format of dissertations, the following provisions are made.
I. Basic requirements
1. The master's degree thesis should be able to show that the author has really mastered the solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge of the subject, has new insights into the research topic, and has the ability to engage in scientific research or independently undertake specialized technical work.
2. The doctoral thesis should show that the author has mastered the solid and extensive basic theory and systematic and in-depth professional knowledge of this discipline, has the ability to engage in scientific research independently, and has made creative achievements in science or special technology.
3. Dissertations should generally be written in Chinese. The text of master's degree thesis is not less than 20,000 words, and the text of doctoral degree thesis is 50,000-80,000 words. The content of the paper should be correct in argument, rigorous in reasoning, concise in words, clear in hierarchy, thorough in reasoning and reliable in data.
4. The author of the thesis should read relevant documents before and after the topic selection. The number of documents read by the master's degree applicants should be no less than 40, of which foreign documents account for at least one third; The number of documents read by doctoral degree applicants is not less than 60, of which foreign languages should account for at least two thirds. The summary part should analyze and synthesize the read literature.
5. Quantity, units and symbols shall comply with the provisions of national standards. Where there are no provisions in national standards, international standards or industry standards shall be implemented; Different quantities must be represented by different symbols without ambiguity, while quantities with the same meaning must be represented by the same symbols. The paper uses the newly promulgated simplified Chinese characters, which is in line with the Regulations on the Administration of Chinese Characters in Publications. Professional terms should be used uniformly in all disciplines published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Natural Science Terms, or the professional terms commonly used in authoritative monographs and periodicals of this discipline should be consistent; The use of punctuation marks shall comply with the provisions of the national standard "Usage of Punctuation Marks"; The use of figures should comply with the national standard "Regulations on the Use of Figures in Publications".
6. The drawings should be carefully selected, and the contents of words or tables should not be repeated. The text, data and symbols in the attached drawings shall be accurate and consistent with the text description. Drawings should have a drawing number and a drawing name, which should be concise and consistent with the contents of the drawings. The table should have an order and a name, and the name should be concise and consistent with the content. Figures, tables and formulas shall be numbered separately.
Second, the title
A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words. The title should not only accurately describe the content, but also be as concise as possible, generally no more than 20 words. Avoid using uncommon abbreviations, characters, codes and formulas in titles. Generally speaking, foreign book titles should not exceed 10 notional words.
Three. Preface or preface (if necessary)
Foreword or preface is generally the author's brief introduction to the basic characteristics of the paper, such as explaining the origin, background, theme, purpose and significance of the topic, as well as the process of funding, support and cooperation. You can also comment and explain the research on related issues. A preface or preface is unnecessary. These contents can also be stated in the introduction and thanks of the text.
Four. Abstract and keywords
As an extremely important and indispensable part of dissertations, it is the window of dissertations and is often used for information exchange, information retrieval and secondary document editing at home and abroad. Its nature and requirements are as follows:
1. Abstract is the summary of the main points of the paper, and it is a complete narrative without comments and annotations. It is self-contained, exists independently and can be used and quoted independently.
It should include the main information of the full text of the dissertation, the abstract of the master's dissertation should highlight new ideas and achievements, and the abstract of the doctoral dissertation should highlight creative achievements.
3. The content scope should include the following basic elements:
(1) Purpose: the premise, purpose and task of research, development and investigation, as well as the scope of disciplines involved.
(2) Methods: Principles, theories, conditions, objects, materials, technologies, means, equipment and procedures used.
(3) Achievements: results, data, determined relationships, achieved effects and achievements of experiments, research, investigation and observation.
(4) Conclusion: Analysis, research, comparison, evaluation and application of the results; Questions, future topics, suggestions, predictions, etc.
(5) Other: it is not the main purpose of research, development and investigation, but it is also important information in terms of its knowledge and intelligence value.
The details of the abstract depend on the content and nature of the paper. General master's thesis abstracts are 500-600 Chinese characters, and doctoral thesis abstracts are 800- 1000 Chinese characters.
5. Generally, figures, tables, chemical structures and computer programs are not used in abstracts, and symbols, terms and illegal units of measurement that are not well known and commonly used are not used.
6. There should be 3 to 8 keywords, and put another line under the abstract. The contents and fields involved are arranged from large to small, which is convenient for document cataloging and inquiry.
7. There should be English abstracts and keywords corresponding to Chinese abstracts and keywords. English abstracts should use accurate words and use commonly used words in this subject; The subject (function) is often omitted, so the passive voice is generally used; Use the correct tense, pay attention to the consistency of subject and predicate, and the necessary articles cannot be omitted.
V introduction or introduction
The introduction or introduction should briefly explain the research purpose, scope, previous work and knowledge gaps in related fields, theoretical basis and analysis, research ideas, research methods and experimental design, expected results and significance, etc.
Intransitive verb text
The text is the core part, accounting for the main space, which can include: research object, theoretical model, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, original data, experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, formed arguments and derived conclusions, etc. The title of each chapter should be roughly symmetrical, and there should be a close logical argument between the contents. The length of each part should not be too different, and the title of each chapter should not be too long.
Because of the great differences in disciplines, topics, research methods, workflow and expression of results involved in the research work, there is no uniform regulation on the content of the text. However, it must be realistic, objective and true, accurate and complete, clear in logic, concise and easy to read.
Seven. conclusion
Through the comprehensive analysis and research of experimental records and results, some organically related arguments are summarized, and the significance of research results, the reality or possibility of popularization and application, and the discussion of further development are discussed. Conclusion should be accurate, complete, clear and concise.
If we can't reach an appropriate conclusion, we can also have the necessary discussion without conclusion.
Eight, please
Thanks to the tutor, experts inside and outside the school, experimental technicians, classmates, etc. In the process of completing the research and thesis writing, I gave guidance and help.
Nine. refer to
If references are cited in the paper, they should be included in the list of references.
1. Reference marking method, in which the reference number is marked at the reference content in the text. The list of references is arranged in the order of citation, and the repeated references are numbered in the order of first appearance.
2. The reference marking method of liberal arts papers can be used with reference to international practice. English documents are marked with the author's surname and publication year in brackets, for example (Farrell,1997); Chinese literature is marked with the author's name and publication year in brackets, for example (Zhang Hua, 2000). When there are two authors, the annotation methods are as follows: (Sommerset and Lovekin, 2000) or (Zhang Hua and Li Ping, 2000). When there are more than two authors, the annotation methods are as follows: (Sommerset et al., 2000) or (Li Ping, 2000). If the same author has cited many documents in the same year, identifiers should be added in the document labeling and reference catalogue, such as (1985a) and (1985b). If the author's name has been mentioned in the paper, it is only necessary to indicate the year of publication in brackets after the author's name, for example, "F. Modigliani (1960) points out ……". Bibliography is arranged alphabetically by surname or surname, Chinese names are arranged alphabetically by surname, and English names are arranged alphabetically by surname.
3. The types of literature that can be included in the bibliography include books, periodicals, conference proceedings, patents and dissertations. The recording format is as follows (note punctuation):
(1) Books: [serial number] Author (in the form of surname and surname, separated by commas; Write within three people, and only add "et al" (English plus "et al") for more than three people. Title. Version (first edition). Translation. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page by page.
(2) Journals: [serial number] authors (in the form of last name, separated by commas; Write all within 3 people, and only write 3 people plus "et al" for more than 3 people. Title of article, title of periodical, number of years, number of volumes (number of issues): page by page.
(3) Conference Proceedings: [serial number] Author (in the form of surname first, separated by commas; Write all the articles within 3 people, and only add "et al" (English) for more than 3 people. The title of the article. See (English): Editor-in-Chief of the Collection. The name of the prose collection. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page by page.
(4) Patent: [serial number] Patent applicant. Patent name. Patent country, patent document type, patent number, publication year. Page by page.
(5) Dissertation: [serial number] author. Title: [Doctoral (or Master's) Dissertation]. Storage location: storage unit (such as Huazhong University of Science and Technology Library), year.
4. Footnotes can be used when some terms, formulas, backgrounds or data sources in the paper need to be explained or explained, and other materials such as words and data must be quoted to indicate the source of information. Footnotes should be numbered sequentially. Footnotes on each page are numbered separately. Footnotes can be identified by the numbers 1, 2, etc. Or symbols ① and ②, etc. The source of footnotes is the same as that of references.
X. appendix (if necessary)
Including detailed formula derivation, experimental data, calculation program, reference to other people's original data, data and equipment conditions.
The catalogue of academic papers published by degree applicants during their degree study is placed in appendix 1, and the format is the same as that in Article 9, and whether the signature unit is Huazhong University of Science and Technology is indicated one by one.
XI。 Format requirement
1. The content and format of the cover of the dissertation shall be uniformly stipulated by the graduate school. The "classification number" and "classification" on the cover are generally not filled in, and the classified papers are filled in according to the classification recognized by the school security office; The school code is10487; The column of "Tutor" can be filled with the principal and deputy tutors.
2. The overall size of the paper is subject to A4 paper. The binding sequence is: cover, English title page, original statement of dissertation and copyright authorization, preface or preface (if necessary), Chinese abstract and keywords, English abstract and keywords, table of contents, introduction, text, conclusion, thanks, references, appendix (if necessary), cover 3 and cover 4.
3. The size of the font size, line spacing and spacing of the thesis body should be based on the principle of clear layout and easy identification and reading. General typesetting can refer to the following requirements: the titles of chapters and sections should be bold, and the font size should be No.3 and No.4 respectively; The paragraphs of the article are in small four-character font, and the line spacing is not less than two-thirds of the word height; The title in the text is always at the top left. See attachment 1 for the text typesetting style.
4. See Annex 2 for the layout of the catalogue.
Twelve, the provisions shall come into force as of the date of promulgation, and the graduate school shall be responsible for the interpretation.
Attachment 1: Text layout style
Appendix 2: Layout Style of Table of Contents Pages
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