The so-called Soviet model, also known as the Stalin model, refers to a socialist political, economic, ideological and diplomatic system established by the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Specific to the economic aspect of this model, or the economic model of the Soviet Union, it is the "pure, non-commodity, non-market" socialist theory envisioned by Marx and Engels that is consistent with the military communist practice of the Russian Bolshevik Party. combine. "Modern utopian socialism" and "trans-stage development" are the primary external characteristics of Stalin's Soviet model. Its highly centralized political system and highly centralized planned economic system have played a positive role in specific periods and stages. In a short period of time, the Soviet Union transformed Tsarist Russia, which was originally economically and culturally backward, into a socialist country with strong industry, agriculture and advanced science and technology, a high political status for the working class, and relatively developed culture and education. However, with the changes of the times, its shortcomings that hindered the progress of productivity and economic development have become apparent. The main flaws of the Soviet model are:
First: single public ownership. By 1937, the proportion of the non-public economy in Soviet industry and agriculture was very small. In the total industrial output value, the public economy accounted for 99.8% of the total industrial output value and 98.6% of the total agricultural output value.
Second: Unbalanced economic structure. The basic feature of Soviet industrialization was to give priority to the development of heavy industry, ignore light industry and agriculture, and give priority to the development of military industry among heavy industry. This military competition has greatly weakened investment in its civilian industry, and the economy is gradually showing signs of recession.
Third: a commanding planned economy that rejects the law of value. The so-called directive nature means that the state's plans have legal effect, and state-owned enterprises are operated by the state. What the enterprises produce, how much they produce, product supply and marketing, prices, etc. are all stipulated by the state. Enterprises do not have any autonomy. Under the planned economy model, the regulatory role of the market cannot be brought into play, which inhibits the production enthusiasm of enterprises. This is also the shortcoming of China's long-term planned economy.
Fourth: Manage the economy with highly centralized administrative means. Macroeconomic and microeconomic decision-making power, as well as the control of human, material and financial resources, are all concentrated in the central government. The party and the government have relationships with various enterprises and economic organizations and organize social and economic life by issuing orders, making resolutions and adopting administrative organizational means. .
Although this economic model played a certain role in the recovery and development of the Soviet economy in a certain period, it also had various virus-like flaws that occurred regularly and irregularly. The rapid development of heavy industry in the Soviet Union, especially the military industry, was at the expense of light industry and agriculture, and ultimately at the expense of the low level of material life of the people. Coupled with a highly centralized political system, the Soviet Union has embarked on a military-driven path. Although the Soviet Union leaders after Stalin have carried out various reforms, they have achieved little results, and some are even counterproductive, especially Gorbachev's attempt to imitate the Western social democratic model. , implemented the so-called openness, democratization and pluralism, which ultimately led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
In the early stages of socialist construction, our country had no experience and a weak economic foundation, so it relied heavily on the help of the "Soviet Big Brother". The Soviet model had a negative impact on China's economic development and all aspects in the early stages. It once had a decisive influence. The planned economy, political movements, class struggle and the formulation of various economic goals all bear the obvious imprint of the Soviet model. At the beginning, it did help New China to quickly recover from the old society that was riddled with holes. Vitality plays a big role, but with the further improvement of our country's socialist system and the gradual formalization of economic development, the Soviet model has become a bottleneck restricting our country's economic development, and reform has become an urgent problem that needs to be solved.
China's reform should be said to have begun with the joint production contract responsibility system in rural areas. In December 1978, the Xiaogang production team in Fengyang, Anhui Province spontaneously signed the country's first large-scale contract ("contract", "Contract" (formerly the surname "Zi"), symbolized the beginning of China's reform, and then began a nationwide earth-shaking and comprehensive reform of "rural areas surrounding cities". From private enterprises to township enterprises, they sprung up like mushrooms after rain. Pilot projects began to appear in special economic zones and coastal open cities, and foreign capital fully entered China's capital market. On November 26, 1990, China's first stock exchange was established in Shanghai. The securities market was originally regarded as a capitalist country by socialist countries. The emergence of patented financial institutions in China caused a huge stir, and eventually led to the comprehensive establishment of a socialist market economic system. At this point, China's debate on reform and "surname capitalist or socialist" came to an end. Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform It has proved to the world with irrefutable facts that China must carry out thorough and effective comprehensive reforms under the leadership of the Communist Party of China in order to truly reflect the superiority of socialism. Socialism is not synonymous with planned economy. The planned economic model The Soviet model is already a backward production relationship and cannot adapt to the advanced direction of productivity, so it must be reformed.
China's reforms are based on the four basic principles and are aimed at reform and opening up and building a socialist market economic system. One premise is that the four basic principles must be adhered to. This is The unshakable foundation is to adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people's democratic dictatorship, the socialist road, and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. This is the foundation of our country and the foundation of our governance. If we deviate from the four basic principles Talking about reform is just a castle in the air. There is no way to start. The Soviet Union has learned a painful lesson. During Gorbachev's administration, he blindly copied the Western democratic model and gradually deviated from the direction of socialism. The transformation from a planned economy to a market economy was the same as the transformation from socialism. Combined with the evolution towards capitalism, reform became redirection. This is what we must learn from. Only reforms carried out on the unshakable basis of the Four Basic Principles can be reforms that are in line with our country's national conditions and can ensure the interests of the broadest range of people. Secondly, China's opening up is not the kind of old society that loses power and humiliates the country. Our special economic zones are special economic development policy experimental fields within the scope of our country's sovereignty. Practice has proven everything. Through this kind of attracting foreign investment, as well as foreign advanced management concepts, science and technology and other ready-made experiences, at the same time Abandoning the dregs of capitalism, such reform and opening up will not lead to peaceful evolution or degeneration. The essence of our country's socialism will not change. The result of the reform is to promote the healthy development of our country's economy, and the economic level is a measure of a country's overall comprehensiveness. An important symbol of national strength, the Soviet model put a lot of energy into military industry in the military competition with the United States. Military investment was too large, which greatly reduced people's living standards. This has deviated from some basic principles of Marxism. ; Thirdly, the long-term planned economic system has become a shackle for the further development of our country's economy. The main manifestation is that the production relations cannot adapt to the rapid development of productive forces. The Soviet model defines the socialist economy within the scope of the planned economy. Why does the Soviet Union not An important reason for rapid economic development. Failure to break through such a concept will not be able to innovate socialism. Comrade Deng Xiaoping's proposal to build a socialist market economic system with Chinese characteristics is a comprehensive innovation of Marxism-Leninism. He did not violate Any economic law regards seeking truth from facts as the criterion for all actions, and practice has proved that the socialist market economy is a good economic model that is completely in line with economic laws. Socialist society can also adopt the market economic model commonly used by capitalism. Then, Some basic principles and theories under the capitalist market economy with hundreds of years of development also provide guidance and reference for China's economy.
China has now established a socialist ownership model with Chinese characteristics, with public ownership as the main body and a variety of non-public ownership economies as important components. The distribution method is also based on distribution according to work, with various distribution methods. It is a beneficial supplementary distribution system. In the current primary stage of socialism, this is a system that fully meets and adapts to the requirements of productivity. We cannot cling to the dogmatism of Marx and other ancestors and do not relax. We should grasp the Marxism-Leninism the profound connotation of the Soviet Union, constantly forge ahead, constantly innovate and develop, and combine Marxist theory with the great practice of China's socialist construction. At the same time, we should deeply analyze the shortcomings of the Soviet model, draw lessons from experience, and learn from history. On the broad road of socialism, We have lost our way, but at the same time we can promote economic development and improve people's living standards to avoid making the same mistakes again.