The purpose of selecting three or more reference objects when using market method is to eliminate the contingency of individual transactions of reference objects. In order to avoid the influence of special factors and accidental factors in individual transactions of a reference object on transaction price and evaluation value, multiple reference objects should be selected as much as possible when using market method to evaluate assets. No matter how similar the reference object is to the evaluation object, usually more than three reference objects should be selected.
Market method, also known as market price comparison method, refers to an asset appraisal method that compares the similarities and differences between the appraised assets and similar assets recently sold, and adjusts the similar market prices to determine the value of the appraised assets.
Prerequisites for applying market rules:
1, which requires a fully developed and active asset market. Under the condition of market economy, there are many kinds of goods traded in the market, and assets, as commodities, are an important aspect of market development. In the asset market, the more frequently the assets are traded, the easier it is to obtain the asset price similar to the assets being evaluated.
2. You can collect data such as references, indicators and technical parameters comparable to the appraised assets. Using the market method, it is important to find the same or similar reference with the assets being evaluated. However, it is difficult to find exactly the same assets as the appraised assets, which requires adjusting the reference objects of similar assets. Whether the adjusted indexes and technical parameters can be obtained is the key to decide whether to adopt the market method.
B whether the asset appraisal market method can be applied to online games, such as virtual equipment and virtual currency. I hope to discuss it personally.
You can't. The value of virtual goods in online games is not well evaluated.
C. what is the basis for the application of the cost-benefit method?
Suitable copy range
Market method is only applicable to asset appraisal business based on market value. As long as the three preconditions of the market law are met, the market law can be used. However, the market method does not apply to the following situations: 1) Assets with no open market price, such as special machinery and equipment, or irreplaceable special equipment, are rarely sold in the open market because of their specific purposes or special properties; 2) For most intangible assets, due to their confidentiality, uncertainty and non-repeatability, transaction price information is often not made public, and appraisers cannot collect price information, so the market method is not applicable.
The cost method has the widest scope of application. In principle, it is applicable to all asset businesses aimed at asset replacement and compensation. Specifically, in addition to single assets and special-purpose assets, this method can also be used to evaluate special assets that are difficult to calculate future returns and asset evaluation businesses that are difficult to obtain market reference.
The income method is generally applicable to the evaluation of the overall value of the enterprise, or the evaluation activities of the joint-stock operation, Sino-foreign cooperation, Sino-foreign joint venture, merger, reorganization, division, merger and other single assets that can predict the future income or special assets that cannot be reset. In addition, this method can also be applied to real estate and intangible assets whose income can be calculated separately.
D. Briefly describe the meaning of market rules and the preconditions for their application.
(1) Market method refers to an appraisal method that compares the similarities and differences between the appraised assets and similar assets recently sold, and adjusts the market price of similar assets, so as to determine the value of the appraised assets. Market method is the simplest and most effective method at present.
(2) The prerequisite for the application of market rules is 1. There needs to be a fully developed, active and fair asset trading market; 2. You can collect data such as market reference objects, comparative indicators and technical parameters of the assets being evaluated.
E. the significance of market method in asset appraisal and its application premise
Market method, also known as market comparison method and comparison method, is a method to compare the appraised object with similar real estate recently traded at the appraisal time, and make appropriate amendments and adjustments to the transaction prices of these similar real estate, so as to obtain the objective and reasonable price or value of the appraised object. The applicable condition of market law is that there are many similar real estate transactions within the same supply and demand range. If the real estate market is underdeveloped or there are few real estate transactions, it is difficult to evaluate it by market method.
F. Problems and countermeasures in the application of income method in asset appraisal
Sorry, I found a ready-made one for you. Analysis on the Problems and Countermeasures of Applying Income Approach in China's Current Appraisal Practice 2005-9-3 14: 19 China Assets Appraisal Liu Wutang Journal. I want to correct my mistake. Cost method, market method and income method are three internationally accepted asset evaluation methods. With the increasingly active asset trading in China, the demand for intangible assets evaluation and enterprise value evaluation is increasing. In the past, the practice of using cost method to evaluate these assets has become increasingly unsuitable for the needs of social development. Instead, it has used income method to evaluate intangible assets and enterprise values. Accordingly, more and more attention is paid to the application of income method in the evaluation process. The theoretical basis of applying cost method is that the higher the cost of assets, the greater the investment of assets and the greater the corresponding asset value. For example, the invention of a new drug, from development to success, needs to spend a lot of development costs, so its value is also high, which also explains why the transfer fee of new drug technology remains high all over the world. For enterprises, it is a well-known fact that the higher the cost of plant equipment, the greater the value of enterprises. From new drug technology to enterprise construction, people are used to explaining its value by the amount of cost input. In the evaluation practice, the cost method and the market method are used to evaluate, and the selection of evaluation parameters is greatly influenced by the transaction data of the same kind or assets themselves in the real market, and is relatively less influenced by subjective judgment factors. This makes the evaluation results of cost method and market method easy to be accepted by people, especially those asset types suitable for cost method and market method evaluation, such as real estate and machinery and equipment evaluation. The application of cost method and market method has achieved great success. However, with the deepening of the society's understanding of assets, people find that some low-cost technologies and some enterprises without too much plant equipment also produce higher returns. There is a great asymmetry between these benefits and their input costs, which makes it difficult to accurately estimate the value of these assets with traditional cost methods. For the buyers of assets, they are more concerned about the income of assets than the input cost of these assets. Although the construction cost of some assets is not high, but the income is great, investors are willing to pay more than the construction cost of assets to buy these assets. In this case, the evaluation results produced by applying the cost method will deviate from the market value of assets. The income method is more reasonable and scientific to evaluate the value of assets, and it is also being recognized by the society. Income method refers to the method of determining the value of assets by estimating the future income of the assets being evaluated and converting it into the present value. Theoretically speaking, in the evaluation of intangible assets and enterprise value, the application of income method is more convincing than the application of cost method, which has also been recognized by society. In the actual evaluation operation, the income method is a highly technical evaluation method, and its application involves the determination of parameters such as future income, discount coefficient and income period, which makes the selection of parameters an important factor that directly affects the evaluation results when applying the income method. However, at present, it is difficult for China's evaluation standards to effectively regulate the selection of parameters in the process of using the income method, which leads to the arbitrariness of parameter selection, especially the lack of scientific basis for data such as income, market share and discount coefficient, which leads to the dazzling degree of asset value, makes the public doubt how much asset value there is, and causes social chaos. At present, there is distrust in the evaluation results of assets, especially intangible assets. In a certain sense, it is because the appraisal agency did not use scientific methods to evaluate assets. Here, around the intangible assets, combined with some problems in the actual evaluation, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the evaluation process by using the income method. First, the professional quality of appraisers. China's asset appraisal industry started, and most of the appraisal institutions are accounting firms. Due to different knowledge backgrounds, there are many deviations in the understanding of intangible assets. Although the qualification of certified asset appraiser needs to pass the exam, the questions about intangible assets in the CPA exam only involve the most basic intangible assets knowledge. Appraisers only master the basic knowledge required by these exams, so it is difficult to be competent for the evaluation of intangible assets. This also leads appraisers to be unclear about the basic content of the value essence of some intangible assets in the evaluation process, and simply apply the evaluation formula to calculate. The main performance is that the evaluation report does not analyze the content of intangible assets and does not define the value range of intangible assets. Common mistakes include the following two types: First, the product value of intangible assets to be evaluated is included in the value of intangible assets, which expands the scope of the evaluation object and leads to the overvaluation of the intangible assets to be evaluated. For example, what needs to be evaluated is a software technology to improve the function of mobile phones. Because the appraisers don't understand the value embodiment of software technology, when using the revenue method to determine the revenue, the appraisers calculate the sales revenue of mobile phones with this function by analyzing the functions realized by the software, and finally get the intangible asset value of the software as the revenue of the software to be evaluated. The mistake of the above method is that the value of mobile phone software should be reflected in the software license fee obtained by the software license to the mobile phone manufacturer, rather than the total sales revenue of the mobile phone. Second, the value of intangible assets to be estimated is regarded as the value of intangible assets to be estimated, which leads to overestimation of the results. For example, if it is necessary to evaluate a nano-ceramic material technology, the wrong description in the evaluation report will be: what is the market of ceramic materials in China, and how much market share will this nano-ceramic material occupy after the emergence of nano-technology. Then, after analyzing the future market of nano-ceramics, the sales income and cost of nano-ceramic materials are calculated, and the discounted intangible assets value of this technology is obtained by calculating the deducted income. The mistake of this report is not to evaluate the intangible asset value of this nano-ceramic material technology, but to evaluate the whole field of nano-ceramic materials. The second is the influence on the calculation of economic value of scientific and technological achievements. Influenced by the calculation of economic value of scientific and technological achievements, appraisers calculated the indirect value and even social value of intangible assets within the value of intangible assets, which led to the overvaluation of intangible assets. From the perspective of evaluation, the value of intangible assets refers to the income obtained by intangible assets owners through intangible assets. However, some appraisers include the indirect value of technology creation in the value of intangible assets, which leads to the distortion of the evaluation results. For example, an institution in Hunan evaluated a professor's hybrid rice technology, and its hybrid rice technology evaluation value was more than 654.38+000 billion, which was the highest value of intangible assets in China. The mistake of this report is that all the value generated by a professor's promotion of hybrid rice technology is calculated in the technical value of hybrid rice. Using the method of intangible assets evaluation, the value of teaching hybrid rice technology refers to the income obtained by the owner of the technology through selling licenses or implementing it himself. However, a professor can't get the above-mentioned 65.438+00 billion when popularizing this technology, and the property owner of the professor can't get 65.438+00 billion. Therefore, the indirect benefits of popularizing this technology should not be included in the value of intangible assets. Similarly, for a pumping unit technology, the pumping unit produced by this technology can improve oil recovery, reduce the leakage of pumping unit and improve oil recovery. If the improvement of pumping unit oil recovery rate is regarded as the intangible asset of this technology in the evaluation process, the value of this technology will be expanded. The direct value of this technology should be due to the improvement of oil recovery rate, and more users are willing to buy or pay higher prices for this machine. Therefore, the increase of users and the increase of purchase price are the direct benefits of this technology. Thirdly, the moral quality of appraisers is influenced by subjective factors in the application of income method, and is increasingly used by appraisers to manipulate the evaluation results in practice, the most prominent of which is the manipulation of future income and discount rate. For example, although there are many scientific methods to predict future income, some appraisers arbitrarily expand or reduce future income regardless of objective reality to control the evaluation results. It is doubtful whether some of these projects can generate income, but the evaluation results can still meet the needs of customers. This kind of appraiser's serious violation of professional ethics has turned asset appraisal into a game of artificially setting appraisal parameters and then putting them into the formula of income method for "scientific" calculation. The above-mentioned problems in the field of asset appraisal have aroused doubts and denials from all walks of life, and many people lament "who will evaluate the appraisal industry". In the actual evaluation, because the selection of evaluation parameters is greatly influenced by subjective factors, the evaluation results of applying income method are being doubted or even accepted by the society. Therefore, in the management of securities market and the evaluation of state-owned assets, the evaluation of enterprise value is mainly based on the application of cost additive process. This is a kind of sadness in the practice of income method evaluation in China. Therefore, the evaluation of the application of income method urgently needs deeper reflection. The author thinks: 1. It is very dangerous to further affirm the practical significance of the income method in theory, because the income method will be influenced by human factors in practical application, which will make the society doubt or even deny the application of the income method. Therefore, in theory, it is particularly important to evaluate the income method scientifically and fully affirm its scientificity at present. Only by fully affirming the theoretical advancement of income method can we change the reality that some major projects, important intangible assets and even well-known enterprises still use additive cost method to evaluate and restore the true colors of these assets and enterprises, which is also an important content to change the inadaptability of China's evaluation practice to international standards. 2. Revise the contents of specifications, standards and guidelines that fail to solve the current outstanding problems. Judging from the contents of the current evaluation management norms, regulations, standards and guidelines, practice has proved that these regulations are still difficult to restrain any subjective behavior of using the income method to evaluate and judge. At present, China's evaluation standards are generally grasped, but it is difficult to play its due role in guiding and standardizing evaluation practice. Because the subjective factors of the revenue company are too large, it is urgent to study how to restrain the influence of these subjective factors on the evaluation results, especially to solve the behavior of manipulating the evaluation results. 3. Accelerate the theoretical research on the selection of evaluation parameters of income method. For the choice of discount rate, we should learn from foreign advanced experience, study the influencing factors and index system of discount rate in China, and put forward a complete evaluation index system of discount rate selection to guide and standardize the application of income method to evaluate the market. It is of practical significance to determine future income, summarize and analyze forecasting science, study the scientific system of forecasting science application and evaluation practice, and establish and improve the scientific system of evaluation and prediction.