I. What is a scientific invention
When the word "invention" is mentioned, some students are afraid. How difficult it is! In fact, creating inventions is not mysterious. There are many inventions of primary and middle school students that have won prizes in the country and even internationally!
Scientific gizmos refer to those things or methods that teenagers feel dissatisfied and inconvenient to use in their daily study, life and labor, and design and manufacture new articles or methods that are more satisfactory and convenient at present. Compared with "big inventions", it is called "small inventions" because of its narrow choice, simple problems to be solved, easy to find materials and low cost.
Is there a quality standard for gizmos? Yes An excellent invention should have "three characteristics", namely novelty, creativity and practicality.
1. novelty. Novelty means that you haven't seen a product with the same content or technology before you finish this little invention. In other words, you can't buy the same product in the street shop, and you haven't seen or heard the introduction in books, magazines, radio and TV; The same invention has not been filed with the Patent Office by others and recorded in the patent application documents, nor has it been declared by others to participate in invention-creation competitions at all levels. However, it is also novel if new functions, new methods and new uses are added to other inventions, or several original items are skillfully combined into a new individual to add new functions.
Haokexie
One day, Wei Qiang and his father went to visit a friend's house. As soon as he entered the door, he was stumped: it was impolite for his host's house to be carpeted and not to change his shoes. Change a pair of shoes, your feet stink again. After returning home, Wei Qiang thought: If there is a kind of slippers, you can wear them without taking off your shoes, how wonderful it would be! Later, he was inspired by velcro on his travel shoes: he tied velcro on his slippers, put it on when he pressed it, and pulled it open when he lifted it. Can't you adjust it if you want to be fat and thin? So he found a pair of old slippers, cut off the shoe rims, sewed on nylon buckles, and made "hospitality shoes". This little invention won the third prize in the 4th National Youth Invention Competition.
In fact, Wei Qiang's invention only transplanted other people's inventions to slippers, and only gave slippers new functions and new uses. This invention is also novel.
2. Creativity. Creativity means that small inventions have outstanding substantive characteristics and remarkable progress compared with the existing technology of similar products.
Convenient soap box
Ordinary soap is boxed with water, which is sticky and difficult to take out, and the life of soap is short. Ping Fan, a Tianjin student, invented the convenient soap box by using the lever principle. Open the soap box and the soap will stand up. Compared with similar products, the technology is more advanced, and it won the first prize of the first national youth invention and creation competition.
3. practicality. Practicality means that the invention can be manufactured or used and has positive effects. Small inventions should be made into objects, not only ideas or design drawings, but also solve practical problems in production and life.
Insect-proof tree skirt
Linxian County, Shanxi Province is rich in jujube, but jujube koji insects do great harm to jujube. Ada carefully observed the growth and activity law of jujube trees, and found that female insects had to climb the trunk to mate with male insects, and then they could destroy leaves and fruits. He thought of a way to put a circle of hard plastic pieces around the middle of the trunk and coat the inner layer with insecticidal ointment, so that the female insects could not climb the tree. This simple and ingenious insect-proof tree skirt, with strong practicability, was welcomed by jujube farmers and won the first prize of the sixth national youth invention competition.
Of course, the completion of a small invention is not as simple as "thinking with a frown", it has to go through the steps of topic selection, conceptual design, production, actual test and improvement, success and so on.
To make a small invention, the first step is to determine the object of the invention and consider what problems to study. This is the topic. For teenagers, we should start from their familiar life reality and look for the theme of invention in schools, families and surrounding life circles. For example, when you encounter some difficulties in your study and life, you will definitely say, "If only there were." This thing you want to invent can be used as the object of invention. But when choosing a topic, students must combine their own knowledge level and design and production ability, and don't dream of impossible inventions.
After the genre is selected, the next step is conceptual design. That is, according to the basic scientific principles and experience, design the form, structure, method and implementation plan of the subject. When conceiving, try to come up with multiple sets of design schemes, and then choose the best structural scheme according to feasibility and practicality. The scheme is simple, ingenious and easy to use, with the least disadvantages.
When the idea is mature, you can start making it. When making, we should make use of the existing conditions as much as possible and make beautiful works with little or no money. For some technical problems, teachers and parents can be found, and sometimes some related manufacturers can be found to help make some parts.
After the small invention sample is completed, it needs to be tested and improved in practice. That is to say, after working for a period of time, I found the problems in use and extensively solicited the opinions of parents, teachers and classmates to see if there are any improvements or unreasonable places. Then, the opinions of all parties are integrated to improve the gizmo. Almost every excellent invention has been "modified".
At this point, you will enjoy the joy of success. Next, you can declare to participate in youth invention and creation competitions at all levels, apply for patents or contribute to newspapers and periodicals. The application documents for the competition mainly include the application form, project description and certification materials provided by the organizing Committee. Among them, the contents of the project description are: how the topic of the invention was discovered, how the invention scheme was designed, and how the invention works were made. How does this invention embody novelty, creativity and practicality? What is your creative contribution? Suggestions and ideas for further improving the invention. Attach appearance drawings (preferably black and white photos), structural drawings, schematic diagrams and other necessary graphic materials. Where medical and health care products, new varieties of animals and plants protected by the state and small invention projects of animals are involved, certification materials from relevant departments must also be provided.
Scientific invention is something everyone can do, and it is also an interesting practical activity. As long as we carefully observe the things around us, be good at finding problems, ask questions, boldly explore and practice, and dare to break through the shackles of rules and regulations, we will make innovations and inventions.
Reflections on the topic selection of two small inventions
1, list the shortcomings and find a topic.
To learn to make small inventions, we must first learn to choose the theme of the invention.
An important method is to start with things that are not suitable, convenient and desirable in study and life, list the shortcomings and ask "What shortcomings need to be overcome?" Then look for ways to overcome the shortcomings. This method of putting forward reform ideas according to the shortcomings of existing articles is called defect enumeration method, and it is also a simple and effective method of selecting topics for small inventions.
Four-purpose anti-electric shock socket
Almost every household has a power socket, but it is easy to get an electric shock, especially dangerous for children, and it is very troublesome to plug it in. Shanghai student Xu Chen dissected several traditional power sockets and designed a "four-purpose anti-electric shock socket". This kind of socket is equipped with two insulation valves on the socket of ordinary socket, and only when the plug is inserted into two sockets at the same time can the power supply be connected. In this way, when children do not pay attention to inserting small hands or nails into any jacks, they will not get an electric shock because there are two doors blocking them. This little invention won the first prize in the Second National Youth Scientific Creation and Invention Competition.
Improvement of air pressure water bottle
Are there any shortcomings in the barometric water bottle? Yes! Because its outlet pipe is directly inserted into the bottom of the bottle, the sediment at the bottom of the bottle often makes the pressed water turbid every time it is pressed. Zhang, a student in Beijing, improved the barometric water bottle. He connected a rubber tube to the suction nozzle and added a plastic floating ball to the suction nozzle. Because the ball always floats on the water, the sediment at the bottom of the barometric bottle will not be sucked out of the straw. The invention won the third prize in the second national youth invention contest.
Enumerating the shortcomings of the article is actually finding problems, and creating inventions is precisely solving existing problems. So every time we find a shortcoming and ask a question, we often find a topic of invention.
So, how to learn and find the shortcomings?
First of all, we should always pay attention to the shortcomings or inconveniences of the items we use every day, and be good at grasping an item and digging deeply. Umbrella is a common tool to keep out sunlight and rain. It seems that there is nothing to be done, but there are still some inventors, big and small, who insist on their designs with each passing day, such as sun umbrellas, double umbrellas, folding umbrellas, mother-child umbrellas, quick-drying umbrellas and astronomical umbrellas. It can be seen that one thing has many invention themes, and the same theme can form different inventions with different design schemes. Take the pen for example, it has many shortcomings, such as the cap is easy to fall off or lose, the nib is easy to be blocked, the round pen is easy to slide off the table and damage the nib, and it is invisible to write in the field at night ... When you list the shortcomings of an article as much as possible, choose one or several shortcomings as the research object according to your own ability and determine the subject of the invention.
Inflatable solar cooker sun
Very attractive, but the current solar cooker is expensive, complicated in technology, heavy (about 50 kilograms), troublesome to adjust, and inconvenient to carry when working and traveling in the field. On the basis of investigation and study, Lian Xin and other students in Shanghai made clear the main direction: simplifying the manufacturing process of solar cookers, reducing weight, reducing material consumption, reducing costs and obtaining maximum power. They first glued the edges of two round plastic films, inflated them and unfolded them into paraboloids, and then stuck vacuum aluminized polyester adhesive sheets on the reflecting surfaces. Inflate air with a pump to change the air pressure inside. With the increase of inflation, the upper transparent film bulges upward, and the reflecting surface sinks downward, which can achieve the purpose of automatically gathering reflected light. This "unfounded inflatable solar cooker" weighs only 4 kilograms and is easy to disassemble and carry. He won the first prize in the Third National Youth Scientific Invention and Creation Competition.
In fact, this invention is the result of various transplants: they transplanted the technology of inflatable toys, self-adhesive patches of daily commodity trademarks and parabolic structures like convex lenses to the new solar cooker, and they transplanted the knowledge of optics and fluid mechanics from textbooks to the design of the solar cooker, thus successfully completing this small invention.
candle lamp
Candle is a common lighting tool, but the candle flame is afraid of the wind, the candle body is not easy to fix, and the brightness can not be controlled. How to improve these shortcomings? Liu, a student at Jianli Middle School in Hubei, first considered fixing candles and preventing wind. He put the candle in an iron tube and covered it with a glass cover. He thought of the fixing method of bayonet bulb, borrowed from candle lamp and installed spring to keep candle flame in the best center of lampshade.
How to keep candles from crying? To solve this problem, it is necessary to continuously reduce the temperature at the top of the candle so that the heat can be conducted and radiated to the surrounding area. There are metal fins in front of the engine of the car. Can we also learn from candle lamps? He drilled a big hole in the metal box of moisturizing balsam, cut the cut radiator into a fan shape, punched the same big hole in the center, and welded the cut radiator to the box (the big holes of the two should be aligned).
How to control the brightness of candle flame? Inspired by the gas valve of the gas stove, he trapped them together with two inner and outer sleeves with louvers (the inner ring used an iron box under the heat sink and the outer ring used a separately made plastic ring), and controlled the gas flow by rotating the valve, thus realizing the desire to adjust the flame brightness of the candle. The invention can be said to be a "grafting" synthesis. The lampshade comes from kerosene lamps, the fixing method comes from bayonet bulbs, and the heat sink comes from cars.
It can be seen that transplantation is a meaningful invention idea, and students can make quite good inventions if they master it well.
The key to using transplantation method is to expand knowledge, understand some new technologies, and often analyze the principle and function of some objects or structures. In this way, you have more information to transplant in your brain, which you can easily use when making small inventions.