For painting. There are brushes, pencils, markers, crayons, oil pastels, colored chalk, watercolors, gouache, oil paintings and so on to facilitate creation.
Chinese brush
Brush), a traditional writing tool originated in China, has gradually become a traditional painting tool. The writing brush was invented by the Han nationality in production practice. Rabbit hair was first used, and later it was also used by sheep, ferrets, wolves, chickens, rats and other animals. The pen tube is made of bamboo or other materials. The head is round and pointed, which is used for traditional writing and painting. With the continuous development of human society, the industrious and intelligent Han nationality constantly sums up experience, preserves the essence, abandons the dross and dares to explore and innovate. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to creating the splendid culture of the Han nationality and promoting the cultural exchanges between the Han nationality and all ethnic groups in the world. Brush is a treasure provided by the Han nationality to the world art treasure house.
Chinese brush
pencil
pencil
1564, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called barodale, England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family. Writing with graphite strips will not only dirty your hands, but also break them easily. 176 1 year, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water to make it into graphite powder, then mixed it with sulfur, antimony and rosin, and then made this mixture into strips, which were much tougher than pure graphite strips and less likely to get his hands dirty. This is the earliest pencil. Until the end of 18, only Britain and Germany could produce this kind of pencil in the world. Therefore, after Napoléon Bonaparte launched a war against neighboring countries, Britain and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France. Therefore, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Comte to look for graphite ore in his own country and then make pencils. However, the quality of French graphite ore is poor and its reserves are small. Comte mixed clay with graphite and put it in a kiln for barbecue, which made a good and durable pencil lead in the world at that time. Pencil lead produced by different clay proportions in graphite has different hardness and color. This is the origin of H (hard pencil), B (soft pencil) and HB (pencil with moderate hardness) marked on pencils today. The task of putting a wooden stick coat on the pencil was completed by American craftsman Monroe. He first built a machine that could cut the battens, then carved a slot in the battens, put pencil lead in the slot, and then aligned and glued the two battens together, with pencil lead tightly embedded in the middle. This is the pencil we use today. The pen core made of graphite or colored clay is used as a writing medium and as a writing or painting tool for study, office work, engineering drawing, art, painting, various marks, etc. In ancient Greece and Rome, lead bars similar to pencils were made of lead metal. This kind of pen is mostly made into a cone shape, and lead is rubbed on other objects, leaving traces of lead for marking. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, a similar modern pencil appeared in Europe, and Dutch painters used it to draw on paper. Italians use a mixture of lead and tin to make lead strips, which are used for painting and writing. 1565, German C. Gesner's library made an illustration with a pencil, which said, "For drawing and taking notes, people use lead and other mixtures as refills, and then draw lines with wooden handles ..." It was recorded. In the same year, Britain began to make the most primitive wooden pencils by hand, with graphite as the refill. 1662, the world's first pencil factory-Shidelou pencil factory was built in Nuremberg, Germany. 176 1 year, F. Caster, a German, founded Faber Caster pencil factory in Nuremberg. The lead core was made by heating sulfur, antimony and other binders and mixing them with graphite, which made the pencil manufacturing technology take a big step forward. From 1790 to 1793, N.J. Kant of France used the method of washing graphite for the first time to improve the purity of graphite, and bonded graphite with clay to make a refill. This method is called Kong Defa. Kant pencil factory was established in 1793, which laid the foundation of modern pencil industry.
gel pen
Gel pen contains an organic solvent, which is lower in viscosity than oily pen ink and thicker than water-based pen ink. When writing, the ink will change from semi-solid to liquid ink after passing through the nib. The biggest advantage of gel pen ink is that every drop of ink is used on the tip of the pen, which will not volatilize and leak, thus providing a silky writing feeling and a smooth and stable ink flow.
ballpoint pen
Ballpoint pens are divided into oily and neutral: oily ballpoint pens and inks are characterized by high viscosity and strong water-based, but there are many oils; Neutral ballpoint pen ink has moderate viscosity, less oil pollution and smooth writing, and has better water resistance and light resistance than oily ballpoint pen ink.
pen
Pen is a common writing tool, which mainly uses metal as the pen body and holds ink through a hollow pen tube. Also called water-based pen.
the projection pen
Projection pens are basically oily pens, which are widely used. They can be written on slides, glass or anything without fading or falling off. Many academic institutions or research institutes like to buy projection pens because they can be marked on beakers or test tubes.
Some brands of projection pens can replenish ink. It takes half an hour to fill the ink for the first time and only ten minutes after the second time, which is quite convenient. In addition, there is also a water-based projection pen provided by the manufacturer, which can erase the handwriting without leaving any trace after being dipped in water, and is suitable for demonstrations that need on-site calculation or demonstration.
ball pen
Simply put, a ballpoint pen or ballpoint pen is a water-based signature pen.
The writing principle of ballpoint pen mainly uses the direct contact between the ball and paper to generate friction, which makes the ball roll in the ball seat and bring out the ink or ink in the refill to achieve the purpose of writing.
A ballpoint pen is a pen that writes with ink and different pigments. The pen tip is a small steel ball embedded in a small cylindrical copper bowl, and then connected to a plastic pipe filled with ink. The ink flows down from all sides with the rotation of the steel ball.
The pigment of ballpoint pen ink is dye. There are three main colors of ink: blue, red and black, among which blue ink is the most used. In the past, the pigment components in blue ink were basic blue and basic purple, and the solvents were oxidized castor oil and ricinoleic acid. Basic dyes have been eliminated because of their poor light resistance (light resistance is only 1 -2), heat resistance, acid and alkali resistance and poor durability. The "424" blue ballpoint pen and "322" black ballpoint pen sold in the market have good durability.
It is often reported that scented ballpoint pens are toxic, and volatile organic compounds contained in inferior scented stationery are toxic and harmful to human body. However, we have not heard of poisoning caused by normal use of oily ballpoint pens without adding volatile organic compounds. [ 1]
chalk
Chalk is a widely used tool in daily life, which is generally used to write on the blackboard. Ancient chalk was usually made of natural chalk, but now it has been replaced by other substances. The composition of chalk is white precipitation of calcium sulfate, which is not easy to decompose, and the particles are larger than dust. By the end of 20 13, there are two kinds of chalk used in China: ordinary chalk and dust-free chalk, both of which are mainly calcium carbonate (limestone) and calcium sulfate (gypsum), or contain a small amount of calcium oxide.
Subsequent sealant for neutral fountain pen (lithium ester);
Follow-up sealant (lithium ester) is a special sealant successfully developed according to the theory and practical experience of colloid and surface chemistry, commonly known as "lithium ester". It is suitable to be used as the tail plug of gel pen refill, that is, to seal the ink in the pen tube to prevent evaporation or backflow, and to seal it with the decrease of ink when writing. Therefore, it can be considered as a "liquid piston".
The "lithium-based ester" used for pen making requires that it is immiscible with neutral ink and has a clear interface; No bubbles, anti-evaporation; Good stability at high and low temperature, and good thixotropic fluidity. Therefore, the gel pen can maintain a good moisturizing seal under the condition of great temperature change, and prevent ink from evaporating or refluxing. It is also required that the sealant can follow up at any time when writing quickly, so as to ensure that it can follow up until the ink runs out.
Ballpoint pen (2 pieces)
Brush classification
There are many kinds of writing brushes, and the nib is made of animal hair. Therefore, people often classify pens according to their different elasticity. Generally divided into hard brush, soft brush and double-sided brush.
scrubbing brush
The bristles of hard bristle pens are elastic, such as rabbit hair, wolf hair, deer hair, rat beard, stone badger hair, mountain horse hair and mane.
1. Rabbit brush: Rabbit brush has a long history, and the Warring States pen unearthed in Changsha is made of rabbit brush. It is made by splitting one end of the pen into several sections, inserting the nib, and then tying it tightly with silk thread. Rabbit hair is divided into purple hair and gray hair. Purple hair is made from the hair on the rabbit's back (also called arrow hair) and the hair on its tail. It is soft and healthy. Gray is better than purple.
2. Wolf Brush: The "wolf" here is not a wolf in the zoo, but a weasel. The pen made of the hair on the weasel's body and tail is slightly softer than the rabbit's brush and harder than the wool pen, but it is brittle and not resistant to friction.
3. Moustache pen: Moustache pen is made of mouse beard, so its performance is firm. According to legend, Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote Preface to Lanting with a moustache.
Other hard pens, such as mountain horse brush, stone badger brush, bristle brush, etc. , are particularly hard, it is not easy for beginners to choose.
Soft brush
Soft hair brushes are less elastic and softer. Generally made of wool, chicken feathers, fetal hair and other soft hairs.
1. Wool pen is made of goat hair, which is softer than purple brush. Because sheep's hair is thinner and longer, it is suitable for writing big letters and characters.
2. Chicken feather brush The chicken feather brush is made of the hair on the cock's chest, and its performance is softer than wool.
3. Fetal hair brush is the hair of newborn baby, and its performance is extremely soft. Xiao Ziyun in the Southern Dynasties (487-549) used fetal hair brushes, which shows that it has a long history.
Double-ended brush
"Double brush", as the name implies, means to have both. That is, hard hair is the core, soft hair is the periphery, and the pen is between.
Between hard hair and soft hair Generally, the production ratio of purple wool and sheep wool is different. The scores are "three purple and seven sheep", "seven purple and three sheep" and "five purple and five sheep". There are also brushes made of wool and wolf Mao Shuang, which are divided into "little white cloud", "Zhong Baiyun" and "Da Baiyun" according to their sizes. There are also bristles added to the big wool barrel pen to enhance its elasticity.
[About the environmental protection of pens-from-the deduction of wisdom (X small x)]
The pens we use now are all made of plastic, so it will be a waste if we buy new pens frequently. We should use more pens with replaceable refills instead of buying one pen after another and causing serious white pollution. According to the data, the degradation time of plastics should be at least 200 years, which is equivalent to two centuries. For so long, all kinds of pollution are really bad for our own body and mind. In order to have a good living environment for us and future generations, please use more refills and buy less pens! Say an old but true saying: we only have one earth!
Function: Write and draw.