To put it simply: In the political context of the United Kingdom, it took the lead in establishing a constitutional monarchy to ensure stability
Labor and social enclosure movements caused a large number of farmers to lose their land and become wage workers.
Capital accumulation, external colonial expansion, plunder, and rapid completion of primitive accumulation of capital in Britain
Under market conditions, it was known as the Heavenly Empire, with vast colonies and a vast supply of raw materials. , as a commodity sales market
Technical conditions, the development of British factory handicrafts and the basis for increasingly complex technological accumulation
Following the Industrial Revolution:
Crazy colonial plunder and The slave trade and the British Industrial Revolution brought about huge financial preparations for the accumulation of monetary capital. From the 16th century to the 19th century, Britain continued the enclosure movement for nearly three centuries, and the Industrial Revolution produced a large amount of cheap labor. In the past borrowings and British names were king, to make up for the lack of court financial operations. In 1694, the National Bank of England was established, transitioning the King's debt system to a national debt system, another channel for accumulating funds from the Industrial Revolution.
The British government vigorously developed overseas colonies and actively implemented a protective tariff system to find overseas markets for their industry and commerce. At the same time, most of the wealth accumulated from various channels is used for productive investment and converted into the reproduction of capital. France, but the funds were used to maintain the army and the huge cost of court pleasure. Spain even used the huge wealth brought by overseas trade to purchase cheaper foreign goods, resulting in an impact on the national market.
The industrial revolution was based on machine production replacing manual labor, a leap forward to the great machine factory workshop manual. This leap has been achieved. The development of high-level handicrafts is closely related to height. Therefore, the development of high-level handicrafts is an indispensable technical prerequisite for the industrial revolution. In addition, in pursuit of more profits, the British were also full of enthusiasm and focused on the development of production, thereby driving the invention of machinery and the use of new science and technology.
As early as the 15th century, British agricultural workers' copycat industry was very common in rural areas and was the largest wool spinning industry. This woolen textile craft was later transformed with the gulf between rich and poor farmers. Many family craftsmen and merchants process raw materials into labor wages. Therefore, people in the wool spinning business gradually became independent of the cottage industry, forming handicraft workshops in the wool spinning industry. This kind of manual workshop comes in two forms: decentralized and centralized.
In the 16th century, scattered handicraft workshops dominated. As more and more farmers set up handicraft workshops concentrated by big businessmen, the land losses caused by the enclosure movement will gradually develop, reaching a scale of employment of more than a thousand workers. Handicraft workshops, employing hundreds of workers, were very popular by the 17th century. The handicraft workshops are not limited to the woolen textile industry, mining, metallurgy, salt, paper, glass, nitrates, beer and other sectors, a great number of handicraft workshops have been established.
The development of factory handicraft industry not only expanded the scale of production and made great progress in technology, but also in performance. The large number of craftsmen who immigrated to England were closely related to the technological advancement of British factory production in continental Europe. In the late Middle Ages, the handicraft technology of France, the Netherlands and other countries, especially the technical aspects of the silk industry, was more advanced and there were many skilled craftsmen. However, the constant religious wars forced many skilled craftsmen who believed in Protestantism to flee to England for refuge.
In the 16th and early 17th centuries, due to the suppression of the Dutch Revolution in Spain, a large number of Dutch craftsmen fled to England and have since settled in the eastern region of England. At that time, Queen Elizabeth of England allowed these craftsmen to settle on the condition that each outdoor craftsman must be responsible for the education and training of British apprentices. In Britain, the influx of skilled craftsmen played a large role in promoting the improvement and innovation of British handicraft technology and the new industrial sector of the past. of? ? The ceramics, sugar, dyeing and weaving industries are inseparable from the contributions of British and Dutch craftsmen.
After the 17th century, various industrial sectors were established and developed, and the cotton textile industry developed particularly rapidly. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, only 1 million pounds of raw cotton was shipped to Britain. With the expansion of domestic and foreign markets, the production of handicrafts could no longer meet the market demand. Capitalists are pursuing profits more and more, in addition to recruiting more workers to expand the scale of production, and are eager to reform production technology to improve labor productivity.
In 1733, mechanic John Kay invented the shuttle bus.
Kai invented shuttle, weaving can do the work of workers in the past two years, doubling the efficiency. Later, Kai's son improved it and invented the automatic frame, which was more convenient to use and improved the weaving ability. Weaving efficiency, there has been a very serious shortage of yarn.
Due to insufficient supply, there was a conflict between cotton yarn, spinning and weaving. This contradiction was not resolved and for a long time some cotton mills stopped production due to lack of yarn. The price of cotton yarn skyrocketed, and then the wages of spinners also increased. Capitalism's pursuit of profit cannot be tolerated under these circumstances. To address the shortage of cotton yarn, the government has taken various measures. In 1761, the British Arts and Crafts Awards awarded twice to the invention of new spinning machines.
In 1764, in Lancashire, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. The invention of the spinning jenny was a huge leap in cotton technology. The rapid growth of cotton yarn production caused a series of changes in the textile industry and would have a huge social impact. As the cost of cotton production decreases, the price of cloth decreases, and the demand for such cloth, which will require more weavers, increases.
As the demand for cotton increased, and the wages of weavers increased, the original weavers and farmers gradually gave up agriculture and split the wage income of the working class. At the same time, the use of jenny machines crowded out the old spinning wheels, so that those textile workers who could not afford the original jenny machines in the knock-off machine industry also gave up the work of agricultural jenny machines, thus becoming wage workers. Spin mills and weavers gave up their land for agricultural capitalists to buy small farmers who were unable to compete with the capitalist large farms, and they were gradually marginalized by bankruptcy and also reduced the proletariat in agriculture or industry.
The spinning jenny greatly improved the production of cotton yarn, thin yarn is not strong, fine femoral yarn. Jenny machines drove more and more sand spindles, but required a hand-cranked spinning wheel, making it increasingly difficult for humans to do it. So, we need to improve in terms of quality and power. In 1769, watchmaker Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered spinning machine. This machine was driven by water power with many rollers mounted on the machine that spun the spinning gauze rapidly.
Due to the large volume of the hydraulic spinning machine, it must be set up in a hydraulic place for use. Therefore, it cannot be installed at home like an old spinning wheel or jenny machine, and must be built and factory-focused on production workers. In this way, the foundation for the establishment of the factory system was laid. Arkwright established the first cotton spinning mill in 1771 and was the first factory owner to use machine production. Water-powered spinning machines spin strong but rough yarn. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out technological innovation to improve the quality of cotton yarn.
In 1779, engineer Crompton invented the mule machine. Advantages Mule jenny spinning machine and water power spinning machine, spin cotton yarn strong and fine. In addition, in order to improve the efficiency of spinning, mules were initially used to drive 20 or 30 spindles. Later, the number was gradually increased and the machine was improved. By the end of the 18th century, it was able to drive four million spindles of the spinning machine. Due to the invention and widespread use of the mule machine, concentrated spinning mills engaged in production were rapidly increasing.
With the dramatic increase in cotton yarn production, weaving was left behind and, as a result, a new disconnect emerged between spinning and weaving. In this case, there is an urgent need to improve the loom. In 1785, Reverend Ed Clement of Cartwright invented the water-powered loom. However, the machine was bland and sales were modest. Later, after improvements by Holloway and Alex Radcliffe, this loom was steadily improved and gradually promoted for use.
In 1803, Radcliffe also invented the whole cloth, and Alex Holloway invented the iron loom. Automatic looms are four times more efficient than hand weaving. The use of machinery in the cotton textile industry and other industries triggered a chain reaction and soon saw the production of machines in many industrial sectors such as coal mining and metallurgy. Due to mechanization, more and more industrial sectors, a new topic is before people, which is the problem of power supply.
As everyone knows, the expanded steam hot water. In fact, people have long-standing reputations. Around the second century BC, Alexander of Girona recognized the role of steam power. It is recorded in his book that he had made toys that spun and steamed. During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci attempted to design a steam switch on a cannon drawing. However, the testing of steam as power for industrial purposes began in modern times.
The French physicist Jean-Baptiste de Nice is regarded as the first steam power experimenter in England in 1680. He successfully tested the first steam pump that converted thermal energy into mechanical energy. However, the present invention has no practical industrial application. In 1698, Englishman Thomas Seville invented a steam-powered pump, but it was not strong enough to withstand the large amounts of steam pressure and often broke. In 1705, blacksmith Thomas Newcoe improved upon the Seville pump to create the first real steam pump that could be used as a power source.
Watt, who was studying the manufacture and repair of natural scientific instruments at the University of Glasgow, pointed out that the Newcomen steam engine caused a large waste of heat and time because the cylinder was necessary to generate steam and to inject cold water . In the spring of 1765, Watt finally came up with a solution to the problem. After placing an isolation condenser in the device, the steam is cooled and solidified in the cylinder, but the steam passing through the valve is kept cooled into a separate condenser, eliminating the need for temperature reduction in the cylinder, and vacuum can be generated continuously .
In 1769, Watt built the first steam engine. This year, Watt received his first patent in the process of innovating the Newcomen steam engine with the invention of the separating condenser. However, this steam engine was still unable to overcome the shortcomings of the reciprocating motion of the Newcomen steam engine and could not turn the steam engine into a prime mover-driven machine. In 1781 Watts developed a linkage that converted the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the axle of a set of gears, for which he received his second patent.
Then, in order to further improve work efficiency and increase the power of steam engines, Watt cylinder analysis and research. In 1782, Watt experimented with two-way moving equipment. The original one-way cylinder was assembled into a two-way cylinder, and a new cylinder was introduced for the first time. The steam cylinder was powered by low-pressure steam and high-pressure steam. He also won his third patent for this. .
In 1784, the steam engine was improved again, which not only could be applied to various mechanical movements, but also added an automatic device to adjust the rate of the steam engine. In 1785, Watt's steam engine spinning mill was built and put into use. Soon, steam engines were widely used in cotton textile industry, wool textile industry, mining industry, metallurgy industry, paper industry, printing industry, ceramics and other industrial sectors.
The Watt steam engine came out and was developed in industry to solve power problems. Since then, it can turn on steam as long as coal is available as fuel. In addition, the factory is also set according to needs, and the water level in the longer river section is constrained. Marx said: "Watt's great genius showed that he filed the patent specification in April 1784. He did not say that his steam engine was a special-purpose invention, but it said that it was an engine for general large-scale industrial applications."< /p>
The invention of the steam engine to mechanize production broke through the limitations of natural conditions, marking an era of industrial revolution that marked the entry of human society into mechanization and greatly accelerated this process. The invention of the widely used steam engine and the craze for using machines led to the vigorous development of the Industrial Revolution.
Huge factories were built all over Britain, with towering plumes of black smoke, huge factory buildings, and rumbling roars, breaking the original peaceful rural life in the Middle Ages. As a landmark, history has entered a new era, and human society has entered the steam age.
Coal can be said to be the food of modern industry. Without coal and without the development of large-scale machine industry, there would be no industrial revolution. Due to the very rich coal reserves in the UK, it supported the rapid development of the British Industrial Revolution. In the Middle Ages, coal-burning feudal rulers strictly prohibited the air pollution caused by coal mining. However, due to the rise of the Industrial Revolution, Britain expanded its demand for coal and the coal industry developed rapidly. In 1846, Britain's annual coal output had reached 44 million tons, making it the largest coal producer in Europe and the world.
As industrial production machine production gradually replaces manual operation, traditional handicraft workshops cannot adapt to the needs of machine production. In order to better production management and improve work efficiency, capitalists began to build factories and chip placement machines, focusing on Employment of production workers, such a new form of production organization in the factory. The factory has become the most important organizational form of industrial production and plays an increasingly important role.
Before 1840, British machine production had basically replaced the factory handicraft industry, and machine manufacturing machines had been built. The industrial revolution was basically completed, and Britain became the first industrial country in the world.
The widespread use of machines has fundamentally changed the face of industrial technology and greatly improved labor productivity. The development of productivity caused by the Industrial Revolution in Britain has experienced unprecedented prosperity.