(a) Positive changes in the quality of development
From the input side, the quality of key elements such as human capital, material capital and scientific and technological achievements has been accelerated. The quality of human capital has improved. The average educational years of the labor force increased from 7.4 years in 2000 to 65,438+00.2 years in 2065, and the average educational years of the newly added labor force exceeded 65,438+03.3 years. The number of workers with higher education has increased rapidly. In 20 16, the number of college graduates and graduate students was 7.4 times and 9.6 times that at the beginning of this century, respectively. In the past ten years, the number of returned overseas students has increased by more than ten times, and it is estimated that the number will reach 600,000 in 20 17, which is double that in 20 12.
The quality of scientific and technological achievements has improved. According to OECD statistics, the global share of tripartite patents in China was only 2.73% in 20 10, and it rose to nearly 6% in 20 16, with an average annual growth rate of 0.5 percentage points, indicating that the quality of scientific and technological achievements in China has been significantly improved. By the end of 20 17 and 10, the number of international scientific papers in China ranked second in the world, and the number of cited papers rose to second in the world.
The quality of physical capital continued to improve. Infrastructure is at the advanced level in the world, especially transportation facilities. By the end of 20 16, the railway operating mileage will reach124,000 kilometers, which is 1.8 times that of the beginning of this century. The operating mileage of high-speed rail reached 22,000 kilometers, 34.2 times that of 2008, ranking first in the world; The expressway mileage 13 10000 km is eight times that at the beginning of this century. The inland waterway has increased to127,000 km, which is 1. 1 times that of 2000.
The quality of energy resources has improved. Accelerate the development and utilization of high-quality clean energy. In 20 16, the installed capacity of non-fossil energy power generation reached 35%, which was 7.4 percentage points higher than that in 20 12. Coal consumption accounted for 62%, down 6.5 percentage points from 20 12; The proportion of fossil energy consumption decreased from the peak of 20 1 1 9 1.6% to 86.7%.
From the output side, the quality of products and services has improved significantly. The outstanding performance is that the quality and competitiveness of manufactured products are greatly improved. The comprehensive index of manufacturing quality competitiveness rose from 76.28 in 2000 to 83.438+0 in 20 15 years. The qualified rate of manufactured products increased from 86.96% in 2009 to 95.45% in 20 15. At the same time, the greening of products and services has made great progress, and more and more products use green design technology.
(2) Development efficiency began to improve.
Mainly reflected in the obvious improvement of macro efficiency. First, labor productivity has been accelerated. The overall labor productivity increased from 1.52 million yuan/person in 2000 to 95,900 yuan/person in 20 16 years. It is particularly noteworthy that the growth rate has obviously accelerated in recent years. 20 12-20 16 has an average annual increase of 6400 yuan per person, which is higher than that of 2000-201.
Secondly, the contribution rate of total factor productivity to economic growth has increased. Although the average annual growth rate of total factor productivity decreased from 3.5% in 2000-20 1 1 to 2.7% in 20 12-20 16, the average annual contribution rate to economic growth increased from 33% to 37.7%.
(c) The development momentum is changing.
Judging from the three major demands, three industries and factor input structure, both the demand-side power structure and the supply-side power structure are being optimized, and the factor contribution is gradually shifting from relying on the increase of quantity to relying on the improvement of quality.
Three major demands drive economic growth coordination. In recent years, investment, consumption and net exports have played a more coordinated role in driving economic growth. 20 1 1, the consumption rate began to rise, and 20 16 rose to 53.6%; In 20 12, the investment rate began to decline, and it dropped to 44.2% in 20 16. Since 20 1 1, the average annual contribution rate of final consumption to GDP growth has reached 56.2%, which is 10.2 percentage points higher than the contribution rate of investment; The contribution rate of net exports to economic growth remains at a reasonable and balanced level of around 2%. The internal structure of the three major demands also shows a trend of optimization and upgrading. Residents' consumption has accelerated to upgrade to a "double-support" structure of "residential transportation consumption+service consumption", and the total consumption of residential transportation has stabilized and service consumption has increased. The investment structure has been optimized and the proportion of investment in the tertiary industry has increased. Since 2008, the investment growth rate of high-tech industries has been higher than the overall investment growth rate of manufacturing industry, and the contribution rate to the total investment growth in the first three quarters of 20 17 was 13.6%. The trade structure was further optimized, and the export proportion of manufactured goods increased from 89.7% in 2000 to 95% in 20 16. The transformation and upgrading of processing trade has been accelerated, service trade has continued to develop rapidly, and new foreign trade products, new formats and new models have emerged.
Optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. In 20 16, the added value of China's service industry accounted for 5 1.6% of GDP and contributed 59.2% to GDP. Service industry has become the main force of new enterprises, the main channel to attract employment, the main source of tax growth and the main field to attract foreign investment. In 20 13-20 16 years, the operating income of emerging service enterprises above designated size increased at an average annual rate of 13.5%, which was 3 percentage points faster than that of service enterprises above designated size. The "internet plus" service industries, such as sharing economy and e-commerce, have developed vigorously, and the consumption upgrade has driven the rapid rise of the "happiness industry". Equipment manufacturing, high-tech manufacturing and strategic emerging industries have become the main forces driving industrial growth. In 20 16, the contribution rate of equipment manufacturing industry to industrial growth reached 50%, which was 22.7 percentage points higher than that in 20 12. The contribution rate of high-tech manufacturing industry reached 2 1.6%, an increase of 10.5 percentage points. In 20 16, the added value of strategic emerging industries increased by 10.5% year-on-year, which was 4.5 percentage points faster than that of industries above designated size. The foundation and vitality of agricultural development have been significantly enhanced. The ability to ensure food security has been significantly improved. The contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress reached 56.2% in 20 16 years, and agricultural development gradually changed from mainly relying on the increase of input of resource elements to mainly relying on scientific and technological progress.
The input structure of factors is constantly adjusted and optimized. Economic development has shifted from relying on the increase of factor input to relying more on the improvement of total factor productivity. The contribution rate of labor and capital to economic growth decreased from 1 1.7% and 55.9% in 2000 to 6. 1% and 53.2% in 20 16, respectively, while the contribution rate of TFP increased from 32.4% to 40.7% in the same period.