(A) Pasture sowing technology
The sowing date of different forage seeds is different, so sowing should be carried out according to the sowing date. If the soil moisture of annual forage grass is good, try to get ahead of it. If the soil moisture is not good, perennial grasses can be sown before the rainy season, but the sowing date should not be later than the end of July. Some grasses have high hard seed rate and need to be broken before sowing. Grass for cutting should be planted with moderate density, and grass for seed retention should be planted thinly. The sowing amount of the remaining forage is equivalent to 2/3 of the mowing forage, so the sowing amount of interplanting, intercropping and mixed cropping should be reduced. After sowing, we should also pay attention to the daily management of pasture, such as weeding, irrigation, fertilization, pest control and so on.
(2) Forage harvesting and storage
1. Aoki
In different growth stages, the yield and quality of forage are different. With the extension of growth period, the crude protein content of forage decreased gradually, while the crude fiber content which was not easily digested and absorbed by domestic animals increased significantly. However, premature mowing will lead to low yield, so it is necessary to determine an optimal mowing period. Generally speaking, the suitable cutting period of gramineous forage is heading stage, and the suitable cutting period of leguminous forage is from budding stage to early flowering stage. For perennial forage, mowing is not only a product harvest, but also a field management measure, because whether the mowing time is appropriate and whether the stubble is appropriate (generally 5 ~ 8 cm) has a great influence on the growth and development of forage.
Dry hay
High-quality hay has high nutritional value and good palatability, and all kinds of livestock like it. Storing enough hay can ensure the nutritional needs of livestock in winter and spring, improve the ability of livestock to resist natural disasters and enhance the stability of animal husbandry. Gramineae grass stems and leaves have the same drying speed and are easier to sun-cure. However, the drying time of leguminous forage stems and leaves is different, and the leaves are dried quickly and the stems are dried slowly, which leads to a large loss of leaves in the sun drying process and seriously reduces the nutritional value of hay. To dry hay, we should first consider the local climate characteristics and choose sunny days. After mowing the grass, spread it flat. After 65,438+0 days in the sun, the leaves withered and the water content dropped to about 45% ~ 50%. At this time, it will be piled into small piles with a pile height of 1m, and it can be transported back to the barn for storage after 2 ~ 3 days. During the drying process, rain and mildew should be prevented to ensure the quality of hay and reduce the loss of forage leaves.
3. Forage silage
Silage is the best way to ensure the nutritional value of pasture. Its principle is to make silage acidic by lactic acid bacteria fermentation under closed anaerobic conditions, inhibit the activities of other microorganisms that cause corruption, and make silage preserved for a long time. Gramineae contains more carbohydrates and is easy to silage. Leguminous forage contains a lot of protein, which is not easy to be stored separately, so it is suitable to be mixed with Gramineae forage for silage. The moisture content of forage should be between 65% and 75% during silage. Leguminous forage can also be silaged with low moisture or semi-dry, that is, dried after mowing 1 day. When the moisture content reaches 45% ~ 50%, it is cut short, compacted and sealed. Because of the low water content, the dry matter content of this kind of silage is 1 times higher than that of ordinary silage, and it also contains more nutrients, with less loss and good palatability. It has the characteristics of hay and silage, and is a good way to solve the silage of leguminous forage.
In order to improve the quality of silage, it is necessary to add appropriate additives in the silage process. Commonly used additives include ammonia, urea, formic acid, enzyme preparation, lactic acid starter, salt, molasses and other substances.
Feed feeding technology
Although the methods of feeding animals with various grasses are different, they basically follow the following principles:
(1) Feed regularly. Let animals form conditioned reflex as soon as possible, which can greatly improve the utilization rate of forage. Feed more forage during the day and concentrate at night.
(2) coarse before fine. Generally, roughage is fed first, and then concentrate is fed. For ruminants, this method is good for rumen digestion. However, after the peak feeding period, a small amount of green roughage should be left in the trough to feed freely.
(3) gradual transition. If you want to change forage varieties, you should gradually transition from less to more. If you change suddenly, especially when you feed roughage such as sweet clover, you will often have a stress reaction, which will lead to animals refusing to eat.
(4) Ensure drinking water. There should be a special hand-washing basin to supply clean drinking water, especially in the case of excessive feeding of feed and hay or hot weather, to ensure adequate drinking water, and to supply warm water in cold weather.
(5) mixed feeding. Pasture is rich in nutrients, but the proportion of nutrients in a single variety is unbalanced, and some nutrients may be lacking. Feeding animals with a single forage cannot ensure that they get the nutrients they need, so feed them together. Tang Shaoxun (2005) found through in vitro fermentation experiments that the ratio of Rumex and grazing animals was 50∶50, that of grazing animals and clover was 25∶75, and that it was more suitable to mix Rumex and clover at 25∶75. In addition, concentrates, vitamins and trace elements should be provided.