Key points of cultivation techniques
(1) Cultivation technology of long beans in small sheds in the open field in early spring
1. Cultivate strong seedlings: Experienced vegetable farmers believe that direct seeding of long beans The stems and leaves are strong but the pods are few, and the seedlings and transplants have more pods. Spring beans, especially those cultivated early in spring, will germinate slowly due to low temperatures after direct seeding. When exposed to low temperatures and rainy weather, the seeds will easily become moldy and rotten, causing poor seedling growth. They will also die easily when exposed to frost, so it is better to raise seedlings.
Seedlings can be raised in greenhouses, greenhouses, small sheds, sundecks and other facilities. You can use nutrient bowls or nutrient blocks to raise seedlings. For the preparation of nutrient soil, please refer to the relevant content of solanaceous seedlings.
① Sowing period: usually before and after the sting.
② Sowing: Pre-select the seeds, remove insect-damaged and dead seeds, and then sow 3-4 seeds per pot or nutrient block. Water and moisturize after sowing, but watering should not be excessive. After covering another 1 cm of nutritious soil, cover with mulch and a small shed. The mulch film was not removed before being unearthed to keep it warm and moisturized.
③Management during the seedling stage: After the seedlings are unearthed, spray them with agents such as mancozeb and chlorothalonil to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the seedling stage. After being unearthed, remove the plastic film and build a small shed. The key point of management is to control the temperature. The temperature in the shed is controlled at around 20°C. That is, when the temperature in the small arch shed is lower than 20°C, the arch shed is mainly covered and the shed door is mainly closed; when the temperature in the small arch shed is higher than 20°C , uncover the small arch shed and open the greenhouse door, which is beneficial to cooling and humidification. Do not remove the film when there is a north wind of level 2-3 or above in early spring to avoid injury to the young leaves and growing points.
2. Preparing the soil, applying base fertilizer and making borders. Beans prefer deep soil and should be plowed 25 cm deep before sowing. The key is to apply enough base fertilizer. Vegetable farmers have a saying that "three tops are not as good as one base". They particularly emphasize the importance of base fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the plowing of the ground with 5000-10000 kilograms of soil fertilizer, 50-75 kilograms of superphosphate or diphosphate. 50 kg of ammonium and 15-25 kg of potassium fertilizer. After soil preparation, make a border with a border width of 1.2-1.3 meters. Two rows of beans are transplanted in each border, with the hole spacing about 20 cm.
3. Timely planting: After the vernal equinox, before the first compound leaves unfold, you can choose a cold tail and warm first day for planting. The use of plastic film covering and small shed production can significantly increase market availability and increase early production. It is necessary to observe the field conditions at any time. When the film and the seedlings are about to come into contact with each other, break the film and release the seedlings. Pay attention to compacting the edges of the film around the seedlings. After wind and rain, observe carefully. If there is water on the film, remove the water. If the film is damaged, It is necessary to press the soil or re-cover in time.
The planting density is 60-65×20 cm between rows and plants, and 5500 holes are planted in 667 square meters, with 2-3 plants in each hole. After planting, drench the holes with 1:1000 times dimethonium solution, about 300 grams per hole, which can not only serve as root water, but also prevent and treat fusarium wilt and root rot, killing two birds with one stone. Then build a small shed and keep it airtight for 5-7 days, which will help slow down the seedlings.
4. Field management:
① Water and fertilizer management. From transplanting to before flowering, water control, cultivating and cultivating the beans are mainly used to promote roots. Proper squatting of seedlings is carried out to promote flowering and pod formation; after pod setting, adequate supply of fertilizer and water is required to increase flowering and pod formation. The specific method is: after raising seedlings and transplanting beans, pouring seedling stabilizing water and seedling slowing water, then cultivating the seedlings, maintaining moisture and raising temperature, to promote root development and control the stem and leaf growth. After flower buds appear, water lightly and then till. Do not water during the initial flowering period. After the first inflorescence blooms and pods are set, and after several inflorescences appear, water should be poured thoroughly. After the first watering, the stems and leaves grow very quickly. When the middle and lower pods elongate and the middle and upper inflorescences appear, water the second time. After entering the pod-setting stage, water as soon as it is dry to obtain high yields. During the peak harvest period, topdress with water once, for 667 square meters, use 15 kg of urea, 25 kg of diammonium or 22-25 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
②Pruning, topping and pruning.
The first is to wipe out the buds at the base, and wipe out all the lateral buds at the nodes below the first inflorescence of the main vine to promote early flowering.
The second is to pruning the waist of the vine. During the seedling stage, the small leaf buds on each mixed node should be removed in time to promote the growth of flower buds. When the side branches grow out, you can also leave one leaf for topping and use the side branches. The first section of the vine forms an inflorescence.
The third is to remove the tips of the clusters. In the middle and late stages, the side branches growing out of the middle and upper part of the main vine should be pinched as early as possible to promote the growth of beans.
The fourth is topping the main vine. When the main vine is more than 2 meters long, topping will promote the formation of secondary flower buds on each inflorescence and make it easier to harvest the pods.
③ Timely setting up trellises to attract vines: After timely extraction of vines, timely arbors should be set up to attract vines. The erection methods include "herringbone frame", "hedge frame" and "bird's nest frame".
Scaffolding materials include bamboo poles, branches and fiber ropes.
5. Harvest in time: The purpose of early cultivation in spring is to market early and achieve high efficiency. In addition, cowpeas are commercialized for their tender pods, so they should be harvested early, usually 5-7 days after flowering. Can be harvested and marketed. When harvesting, do not damage other flower buds on the inflorescence, let alone remove the inflorescence stem together. The pods should be pressed against the base, gently turned from side to side, and then removed.
(2) Cultivation technology of autumn beans in the open field
1. Variety and soil selection
For autumn beans planting, you should choose beans with strong cold and moisture resistance and strong flower turning ability. Chunliu, Yangzhou Bangda No. 1, No. 2 and other varieties. The soil should be sandy loam soil with higher terrain, deep soil layer, good drainage, moderate pH and no leguminous crops.
2. Sow seeds at the right time and plant them reasonably densely.
Sowing beans in autumn should be done from August to September. The preferred method of sowing is live broadcast. Reasonable dense planting, the seed amount per mu is 1.25 to 1.5 kg, the row spacing is 50 to 60 cm, the plant spacing is 8 to 10 cm, double row planting, and sow 2 seeds in each hole.
3. Field management
(1) Insert bamboo to attract vines: Generally, insert bamboo to attract vines when the seedlings grow to 30 to 40 cm. The introduction of vines should be carried out when the weather is cool, and it is appropriate to introduce about 4 vines for each fence bamboo.
(2) Fertilizer and water management: Fertilizing beans should be based on base fertilizer and supplemented by top dressing. When the base fertilizer is combined with the soil cultivation, 1500-2000 kg of high-quality soil fertilizer and 20 kg of compound fertilizer are applied. During the early flowering period, when combined with soil cultivation, 30-40 kg of compound fertilizer is applied on both sides of the border. Top dressing during the seedling stage should be applied lightly and lightly. As the plants grow, the fertilizer concentration gradually increases. Each top dressing should be carried out on a sunny day. During the harvest period, top-dressing fertilizers may be applied as appropriate depending on the growth.
Beans should not be kept wet during the entire growth period. Too wet soil can easily cause leggy or root rot, especially if the soil is too wet after sowing, the seeds will absorb too much water and germinate prematurely and quickly, making the seedlings' tissues delicate. , the stress resistance is weakened, and it is easy to cause leggy or dead seedlings. Therefore, sowing should be carried out on a sunny day, and before sowing, water should be soaked between the sowing rows before sowing. Do not spray water within 2 to 3 days after sowing. When the seeds begin to emerge, water them appropriately to help the seedlings grow strong. More water is needed during flowering and pod formation, especially in autumn when the temperature is high and water evaporation is large. Water should be poured in the morning and evening to adjust the field microclimate.
IV. Pest and disease control
(1) Main diseases
Bean diseases mainly include root rot, rust, powdery mildew, anthracnose, fusarium wilt, and viruses. Disease etc.
1. Root rot should be carried out in crop rotation and field management based on the principle of "prevention first, combined with prevention and control". At the same time, 1 kg of 50% carbendazim and 400 to 500 kg of fine soil should be used during sowing. After mixing well, cover the seeds. In the early stage of the disease, use 200 to 300 times of 37% root rot liquid or 1,000 to 1,500 times of dimethonium to drizzle the roots once every 3 to 5 days and 2 to 3 times continuously.
2. Rust: It mainly damages the leaves, but also damages the petioles and pods in severe cases. At the early stage of the disease, small light yellow spots appear on the back of the leaves, which later turn into rusty brown and bulge into small pus scars, and then expand into summer spore piles, and reddish-brown powder is emitted after the epidermis ruptures. That is summer spores. Prevention and treatment methods: In the early stage of the disease, spray 200 times of 50% sulfur suspension or 150 times of Fenbiqing.
3. Powdery mildew: It mainly damages leaves, but can also damage stems, vines and pods. When the leaves are infected, yellow-brown spots appear on the back of the leaves at the initial stage. After enlarging, they turn into purple-brown spots, which are covered with a thin layer of white powder. The causative agent is fungi from the subphylum Ascoma. Prevention and treatment methods: In the early stage of the disease, spray 70% methotrexate wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 40% Rui copper wettable powder 600 times liquid, 50% sulfur suspension 300 times liquid, Fenbiqing 150 times liquid.
4. Anthracnose: This disease produces spindle-shaped or long strip-shaped lesions on the stems, which are purple-red and sunken at first. In severe cases, they damage the pods and form reddish-brown lesions. It is a fungal disease. . The disease is more severe in conditions with high exposure and humidity. Prevention and control methods: Seed treatment: Use 0.4% of the seed amount of carbendazim or thiram wettable powder to dress the seeds or soak the seeds with 60% of the 600 times liquid of Antifungal for 30 minutes, wash and dry before sowing. In the early stage of the disease, spray 70% Atropin 500 times liquid or Anthrax Fimei 800 times liquid. Each bottle of Shibaoling should be sprayed with 50-60 kg of water or Tepuli 500 times liquid. 5-7 days, 2-3 times in a row.
5. Fusarium wilt: This disease mainly damages leaves.
The leaf spots are polygonal to irregular in shape, 2-5 mm in diameter, dark green at first, then purple-red, and several lesions merge into disease patches, causing the leaves to wither early and eventually fall. Usually, high temperature and humidity are conducive to the disease. Prevention and treatment methods: When diseased plants are found, remove and destroy diseased leaves promptly. In the early stage, spray chlorothalonil + 700-1000 times mixed solution of chlorothalonil + 1000 times mixed solution of chlorothalonil + 70% mancozeb 1000 times, 500 times of 40% polysulfide suspension, and in the later stage, spray chlorothalonil 1000 times or Spray Kelu 500 times liquid once every 5-7 days, 2-3 times in a row.
6. Viral diseases
Viral diseases are divided into mosaic virus disease and arbuscular virus disease. The disease is generally more serious in autumn. The disease will seriously affect the yield and quality of cowpea. In addition to cowpeas, this disease also damages peas, beans, lentils, tobacco, soybeans and other crops.
Symptoms: Symptoms such as bright veins, mosaic leaves, chlorosis and deformity often appear on young leaves, and the dark green parts of new leaves are slightly raised and become wart-like. The mesophyll or leaf veins of some diseased plants will appear necrotic, resulting in brown sunken stripes, the diseased plants will be dwarfed, the flower organs will be deformed, there will be few pods, and the beans will have yellow-green spots.
Incidence conditions: Sowing with virus-carrying seeds, a central diseased plant (or diseased area) is formed after the disease occurs in the seedling stage, and is spread by winged aphids, causing the virus disease to spread rapidly in the field. Sap contact through other routes is also an important mode of infection. In addition, repeated cropping for many years, drought in summer and autumn, lack of water in the seedling stage and large numbers of aphids are important conditions for the occurrence and spread of viral diseases.
Prevention and treatment methods:
(1) Select disease-resistant varieties and non-toxic seeds, such as Xinjiang No. 8, Zhijiang 28-2, Qingfeng Cowpea, Suifeng No. 8, and 844 Carob, summer and autumn king, etc. have certain antibiotic resistance and disease resistance. Those who save their own seeds should propagate seeds in disease-free fields or plots that have not been planted with leguminous crops for many years. When planting in large fields, they should choose fields that have not been planted with leguminous crops for 2 to 4 years (at least no virus diseases occurred in the previous year). plot.
(2) Strengthen field management. Clear weeds in the field and pull out central diseased plants early. Drain water after rain to prevent water accumulation in the fields, promote the growth and development of plant root systems, and improve disease resistance. Irrigation during drought can help increase air humidity and lower temperature, reducing and preventing virus infection.
(3) Pay attention to the timely elimination of aphids to reduce the spread of aphids.
(4) Chemical control: After the seedlings are 30 cm tall, spray 20% virus A wettable powder 500-600 times or 1.5% Phytophthora EC 1000-1500 times. Other agents include vironamide, virolick, etc.
(2) Main pests
The main pests that harm cowpea are aphids, American spotted fly, pod borer, etc. But the most common is the pod borer.
Damage characteristics: Pod borer larvae eat tender bean pods and tender bean grains and flowers inside the pods. Fecal particles accumulate outside the boreholes, often causing pods to drop and flowers to fall. The pods taste bitter, and the shape of the pods is distorted and infested with insects. Holes will greatly reduce the commerciality of beans. Sometimes it can also cause leaf curling damage, which will have a certain impact on yield.
Life habits: Pod borer has a wide adaptability to temperature and can develop at 7-31°C. The optimal conditions for development are a temperature of 28°C and a relative humidity of 80-85%. The larvae cause serious damage from June to October every year.
Prevention and control methods: Agricultural control includes removing fallen leaves and pods to reduce the source of insects, and using frequency vibration insecticidal lamps for trapping and killing.
Pharmaceutical control: Spray 2.5% deltamethrin 3000 times solution from the budding stage, or kill and kill 40% fenvalerate 6000 times solution, etc. The use of biological pesticides such as 312 powder, chlorpheniramine, avermectin, and avermectin is vigorously promoted, but attention should also be paid to rotation.
5. Harvesting
1. It is advisable to harvest in stages. The pods can be harvested when they are basically set in shape. Pay attention to harvesting in time to prevent the pods from aging.
2. The tools used in the harvesting process must be clean, hygienic and pollution-free.
3. When harvesting, the plot number of the harvested vegetables, the name of the manager, and the picking quantity must be registered and filed to prepare the batch number of the product.
4. Organic food must be harvested, transported and stored individually in accordance with operating procedures.
6. Seed Retention
For seed retention, select individual plants that have the characteristics of the variety, good growth, early flowering, many pods, and no diseases and insect pests. On a single plant, select two pods with the same size, length, and thickness, and the seeds are arranged neatly to save seeds. The remaining plants are removed from impurities and inferior seeds, and the middle and lower pods are taken to save seeds for use in production areas. About 75 kilograms of seeds can be harvested per mu (1 mu = 667 square meters). After the seeds are threshed and sun-dried, the beanweed in the seeds should be fumigated in time, or a few mothballs should be mixed in the seeds to prevent moth.