When Lu Xun scolded Liang Shiqiu, he was actually helping the left wing, especially the last two sentences, which were very obvious. But what if Mr. Liang intends to get it? Grace. Or? Gold pound? No, there is no such thing, but I want to lend a helping hand to help it? Literary criticism? Just poor. So from where? Literary criticism? On the other hand, do you still want it? Running dog? Above, add a descriptive word: Lack? . ? The implication is that we are still arguing within the scope of literary criticism. You Liang Shiqiu, don't politicize this matter and don't introduce the authorities. In this sense, about? Lack of running dogs? Our article is a political movement.
In the history of modern literary debate, the debate between Lu Xun and Liang Shiqiu lasted for eight years, with 1930 as the center, resulting in more than 400,000 words and 100 words, involving education, literature, translation, criticism, political theory and many other aspects, including human nature, class, general literature, translation ideas, literary policy and many other topics. This big debate is repeated and serious, but there are also many abuses and even personal attacks. In this debate, what impressed posterity the most was the famous one? The lackeys of bereaved capitalists? Appellation
Feng Naichao labeling
From an academic point of view, at the beginning of the debate between Lu and Liang, Lu Xun left more room for discussion in terms of discussion methods and attitudes. However, Liang Shiqiu was deeply influenced by his American teacher, Babbitt, and his writing obviously showed the aristocratic atmosphere of elitism. For example, he said that ordinary people are just the class that gives birth to children, and good works are always the patent of a few people, which made his debate lose points in attitude. However, at this time, both sides can still restrain themselves within the scope of academic discussion. Where did Lvliang come from? Debate? Is it getting worse? On scolding? The turning point was Feng Naichao's Halfway to Becoming a Monk.
Feng Naichao is a left-wing literary theorist. Participated in 1930 the establishment of the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union and was elected as the drafter of the theoretical program. Feng Naichao, like Lu Xun, is a literature class for Liang Shiqiu? 1February, 930, he published the article "The Art of Class Society" in the second issue of Pioneers edited by Jiang Guangci and others, which refuted some of Liang Shiqiu's viewpoints, including: Since the proletariat realized the existence of its own class from its own struggle experience, it further realized its historical mission. However, Liang Shiqiu came to preach. What should we give such a preacher? Capitalist's lackeys? Such a title. ?
Feng Naichao stands on the side of the general public and has a natural moral commanding height. The hat presented to Liang Shiqiu has not been theoretically reasoned and demonstrated, so Liang Shiqiu is? Capitalist's lackeys? I'm just saying, it's purely moral judgment. This definition is not reliable in fact and logic.
Liang Shiqiu stirred up political nerves.
What did Liang Shiqiu say when he saw Feng Naichao calling him "Pioneer"? Capitalist's lackeys? After the text, I made a "? Capitalist's lackeys? " As a reply, it was published in New Moon magazine. According to Engels' definition of the proletariat quoted in Feng Naichao's article, the first article? Think I'm a little like the proletariat? After that, just? Running dog? Definition:? All lackeys want to please their masters and get a little favor? And questioned:? The pioneers said I was a capitalist's running dog. Which capitalist or all capitalists? I don't know who my master is yet. If I have, I will definitely show my master some magazines to show my merits, and even get a few gold pounds or rubles. All I know is that if I keep working, I can make money for a living. How can I know how to be a running dog, how to get a gold pound from the capitalist's office and how to get a ruble from the party? ?
Liang Shiqiu refused to admit that he was a capitalist's running dog, and even felt that he should belong to the proletariat. He also satirized the literary world in the 1920s and 1930s logically. Binary opposition? Absolute thinking? There is a simple ethical theory: either red or white, not friends or enemies, and not revolution or counter-revolution? Don't support the left wing, that is? Running dog? .
Feng Naichao to Liang Shiqiu buckle? Capitalist's lackeys? After this hat, the debate between Lu and Liang began to change subtly, and the spiritual components increased.
According to memory, after reading Liang's article in New Moon, Lu Xun said happily: Interesting! I haven't touched his lifeline yet, so I shouted, which shows that he is a useless lackey. ? Of course, Lu Xun may not be satisfied with Feng's article, don't you think? Naichao, is this man really honest? So, decide for yourself? Write a little? .
Lu Xun added two attributes.
? This? "Is it a famous modern literary debate? The lackeys of capitalists who have lost their loved ones? " , the debate from Liang Shiqiu, Feng Naichao back to Lvliang. Lu Xun added two new attributes to Liang Shiqiu's original title? Someone who lost a loved one? And then what? Lack? .
Lu Xun cannot prove that Liang Shiqiu belongs to the definition? The capitalist class? Therefore, Liang Shiqiu's self-defense was ignored, and the sword was biased and cynical. Every running dog, although raised by capitalists, actually belongs to all capitalists, so it is docile when it meets all rich people and barks when it meets all poor people. I don't know who its owner is, which is the reason why it meets all rich people docile, that is, the evidence that it belongs to all capitalists. Even if no one became hungry and became a wild dog, he still met all the meek rich people and barked at all the poor people, but at this time he didn't understand who was the master. Since Mr. Liang told himself how hard he worked, it seems that? Proletarians? (that is, what Mr. Liang said before? Losers? ), don't know? Who is the master? That belongs to the latter category. In order to be accurate, we have to add a few words, called? The lackeys of capitalists who have lost their families? . ?
In Lu Xun's view, since Liang Shiqiu doesn't even know who his master is, what is it that he doesn't lose his family? At this point, ideological differences and conflicts between literary and artistic concepts have taken a back seat, while passionate disputes have gained the upper hand. The debate between Lu and Liang reached the point of * * with the ridicule of Lu Xun's moral commanding heights.
Lu Xun started? Political paper?
The highlight of the debate between Lu Xun and Liang Shiqiu is reflected in one? Lack? Literally, because the significance of the debate has gone beyond the debate of ordinary literati and touched a sensitive political nerve.
Liang Shiqiu is answering Mr. Lu Xun and? Capitalist's lackeys? Did you write an allusion in two articles? Left League? Lu Xun's three things: What is written on the pole? Armed to protect the Soviet Union? ; Break newspaper glass; Go to the party to get rubles. Liang Shiqiu said:? I dare not make a revolution and write it on a lamppost? Armed to protect the Soviet Union? I won't do it. I won't even break one or two pieces of big glass worth 500 to 600 yuan in front of the newspaper office. I can only read and write articles now. ?
The era of white terror? Is house arrest hard? At that time, did Lu Xun think that Liang Shiqiu's innuendo was an accomplice in murder? More than the executioner? . Lu Xun said:? Call your opponent. Support the Soviet Union? Or? Party? , nature is temminick in time, or may get the master? A little help? Yes ?
When Lu Xun scolded Liang Shiqiu, he was actually helping the left wing, especially the last two sentences, which were very obvious. But what if Mr. Liang intends to get it? Grace. Or? Gold pound? No, there is no such thing, but I want to lend a helping hand to help it? Literary criticism? Just poor. So from where? Literary criticism? On the other hand, do you still want it? Running dog? Above, add a descriptive word: Lack? . ?
The implication is that we are still arguing within the scope of literary criticism. You Liang Shiqiu, don't politicize this matter and don't introduce the authorities. In this sense, about? Lack of running dogs? Our article is a political movement.
According to Feng Xuefeng's recollection, when did Lu Xun write this essay and submit it to Germination Monthly? He smiled happily and said, look, do I really want it compared with Naichao? Mean? Much more. ? Then he said:? However, it is necessary to deal with people like Liang Shiqiu. I am superior to helping him. ?
The dispute between the two elves hurt Lvliang's feelings.
? Running dog? 、? Someone who lost a loved one? 、? Lack? These three words are progressive sum? Scold? This process. In this battle about popular literature, because Lu Xun stood on the side of the general public and Liang Shiqiu was just the opposite, the justice and injustice of both sides were delineated by their respective positions at the beginning of the war, and the rest was the means of fighting.
Under the banner of justice, the means of fighting is not important, what matters is victory. Of course, Lu Xun used the method of scolding, which is full of moral justice in the world of binary opposition between the enemy and ourselves. Because this debate was launched under the background of a broader and more complex proletarian revolutionary literature movement and the authorities' counter-revolutionary cultural encirclement and suppression, with the deepening of the debate, not only the scope gradually expanded, but also the nature gradually evolved. Finally, the debate on different literary concepts was finally endowed with a strong political atmosphere.
《? The lackeys of bereaved capitalists? The article is full of political vocabulary and strong left-wing color, which is quite different from Lu Xun's previous polemic style with Crescent School. Because both sides of the dispute are trying to get rid of the potential political persecution and nepotism, they do not hesitate to be emotional and even make local personal attacks, which makes the true nature of the dispute more complicated and difficult to distinguish. Lvliang controversy labeled Liang Shiqiu as full of class struggle? The lackeys of bereaved capitalists? In the course of the argument, the feelings between Lu Xun and Liang Shiqiu were actually hurt.
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Source "People's Political Consultative Conference"? Author Xue,