The main difference between pig iron, wrought iron and steel lies in carbon content. Iron with carbon content exceeding 2% is called pig iron. Iron with carbon content below 0.05% is called wrought iron; Iron with a carbon content of 0.05%-2% is called steel. The earliest steelmaking process in ancient China was: firstly, using charcoal as fuel, iron ore was smelted into sponge-like solid blocks in the furnace, and then taken out after the furnace was cooled, which was called block ironmaking. Block ironmaking has low carbon content, soft texture and many impurities, which is a wrought iron made by human beings in the early days. Using block ironmaking as raw material, carbon is absorbed by heating in charcoal fire to increase carbon content, and then forged to remove impurities and carburized to obtain steel. This kind of steel is called ironmaking carburizing steel.
Question 2: When was the earliest steel produced in China? China ancient steelmaking technology was invented in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Today, the earliest steel artifacts discovered in archaeological excavations in China are 1976 steel swords unearthed in Yangjiashan, Changsha, which are 38.4 cm long and 30.6 cm long. After analysis, the carbon content is roughly equivalent to that of medium carbon steel, and the structure is uniform and dense.
Question 3: Who invented steel, Nicholas? Ostrovsky
Question 4: When were steel and iron invented? The question should be: What is the invention (technology) of steel?
Ironmaking appeared at least in 1900 BC, and its formal and widespread use in China was probably in 500 BC (Western Zhou Dynasty).
About 600 years after ironmaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, steelmaking appeared in China. Steelmaking only needs a higher temperature (decarbonization) than ironmaking.
Question 5: When did steel originate? Western Zhou Dynasty
China's iron smelting was invented in the Western Zhou Dynasty, later than in Europe. However, once invented, pig iron soon appeared, and the latecomers came to the fore, making China the first country to invent and use pig iron in the world.
1964, an iron block in the late spring and autumn period was unearthed in Chengqiao Town, Liuhe, Jiangsu Province, and was identified as white pig iron. This is the earliest pig iron unearthed in China and scientifically analyzed so far. In the middle and late Warring States period, ironware played a dominant role in agriculture and handicraft production in China. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 16 kinds of iron-making tools unearthed in the Warring States period, most of which are pig iron and its softened parts, and block ironmaking is in an auxiliary position. This shows that pig iron production in China has made great progress at this time.
There are many reasons for China's early invention of pig iron technology. We believe that this technology should at least include the following points: First, a relatively strong blast device has been used in copper smelting in China for a long time. Second, the raw materials for smelting have been selected and treated for a long time. Third, a relatively tall smelting shaft furnace was invented very early. It is generally believed that the invention and development of pig iron technology in China is closely related to bronze technology.
Speaking of metallurgy, everyone who has studied chemistry can be said to know. Metallurgy is the smelting of metals. In ancient times, metallurgy extracted metals from ores by roasting and smelting. For example, ironmaking is to mix iron-containing ore (iron ore) with charcoal or coke and reduce iron oxide to iron at high temperature. Obviously, metallurgy is essentially a chemical reaction. Although the ancients didn't quite understand the essence of this change, they had mastered this method in practice. They were actually operating chemical reactions in metallurgical process. In this sense, people engaged in metallurgy in ancient times were chemical craftsmen, or chemical craftsmen, and metallurgy itself was a primitive chemical process.
What weapons do metallurgists have? We already know that metallurgy needs high temperature, which requires a metallurgical furnace that can reach a very high temperature, and to obtain high temperature, it is necessary to have a blast device. That is to say, the main weapon of metallurgical people is metallurgical blast furnace.
In China, iron smelting was recorded in the 6th century BC. By the Han Dynasty, iron smelting had made great progress. Ironmaking requires high temperature, so it is speculated that there may have been an ironmaking blast furnace at that time. Blast furnace, the important thing is the blast equipment. The original blowing equipment is a special large leather container, which is pressed hard, and the air is pressed out from the inside and blown into the iron smelting furnace through bamboo pipes.
Because the iron smelting furnace needs to blow a lot of air constantly, it is too laborious to blow by manpower. At about the beginning of A.D., Du Shi, the magistrate of Nanyang, summed up the experience of on-site ironworkers and invented the "water drainage", that is, the hydraulic blast equipment. Many agricultural books summarizing agricultural production experience in later generations talked about "drainage". The principle of drainage is simply to use water to push a big wheel with blades and turn water power into mechanical rotation. The rotation of this big wheel drives the upper wheel to rotate through a series of mechanical devices, and then drives the blower to blow. Xu Guangqi, a famous agronomist in China, has a picture of "water drainage" in his book "The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration", as shown in the following figure:
Leather bottle is a very primitive blowing equipment. With the development of practice, the blast equipment has been continuously improved, from leather bottles to "wooden fans". This "wooden river" is already a simple bellows, which blows air through the opening and closing of the wooden box cover (see the picture above). Using wooden equipment is easier to obtain than using leather. Further development is bellows. The age of the invention of bellows is unknown. 1637, in Song Dynasty's masterpiece "Heavenly Creations", a picture of bellows was drawn. As can be seen from the figure, this kind of bellows is the same as the hand bellows used by modern handicraft workers. See the figure below for details.
The figure shows that the bellows is connected to the metallurgical furnace, and the bellows blows air into the furnace to raise the temperature, and the molten metal flows into the soil tank.
The manufacturing principle of bellows is very simple (see the picture below): make a rectangular wooden box with a big piston that can be pushed and pulled, and the handle is exposed outside the box for easy push and pull; There are vents at both ends of the box, and each vent is equipped with a valve that can only be opened and closed inward (2 and 3 in the figure). The lower part or side of the box body is provided with an air vent, and the side of the air vent is provided with an air outlet. Valves (4 and 5 in the figure) that can only be opened and closed downward or upward are installed at both ends of the vent pipe. When the piston pushes forward, the air behind the piston becomes thin, and the air outside the box pushes the valve 2 open and enters the box. At the same time, the air in front of the piston is compressed, which pushes open the valve 4, enters the ventilation pipe and is blown out from the air outlet. When the piston is pulled back, the air pushes open the valve 3 and enters the box, and the air in the box pushes ... > >
Question 6: When, where and who was the inventor of stainless steel? As a special material, it has been widely used in modern industrial construction, chemical equipment, medical care, national defense, even spacecraft and cutting-edge technology. So, how was the magical metal material stainless steel born? /kloc-one of the greatest discoveries of the 0/9th century is how to make steel. This metal is a mixture of iron and a certain amount of carbon. It's easy to produce and it's hard. Engineers have widely used steel in many new machines produced in the19th century. But steel has a big problem. It rusts easily. Tools that are repeatedly knocked and wetted will corrode quickly. As time goes by, scientists try to solve this problem by fusing other metals with steel to form various antirust alloys. On the eve of the First World War, the suffocating smell of war gunpowder has filled the land of Europe. In order to meet the needs of actual combat, Britain decided to develop a wear-resistant and high-temperature resistant gun bore steel to improve its weapons. So they gave the task of steelmaking to Harry buhrer, a metallurgical expert. We know that iron and steel smelting needs to add a certain chemical element, and according to its content ratio, various metal materials with mechanical properties, physical properties and chemical properties such as hardness, strength, toughness, plasticity, wear resistance, heat resistance and acid resistance can be obtained. Breier led an assistant to carry out smelting tests of various formulas, but the steel produced could not meet the requirements for manufacturing gun bore materials. Undaunted, Breier re-studied and revised the proportion of chemical elements added, and continued to smelt steel for gun bore. Brier's smelting test process was not smooth and failed again and again. They threw all these unqualified steel blocks into the open corner of the proving ground. With the passage of time, the scrap steel piled higher and higher, and became a hill-like scrap steel, which was rusty after exposure to the sun and rain. One day, the tester decided to clean up the abandoned specimens. During the handling process, it was found that several pieces of scrap steel were glowing in this pile of corroded steel parts. Why aren't these steel sheets rusted? After the investigation, Brill repeatedly observed and tested, and he was also puzzled. In order to solve the mystery of this strange thing, he decided to study these strange steel sheets. Breier carefully recalled and repeatedly consulted the steelmaking test records, but the exact smelting time and formula of these steel sheets could not be traced back after too many tests. In order to find out its chemical element content, Brill decided to test it. The test results show that it is an Fe-Cr alloy, containing 0.24% carbon and 0/2.8% chromium/kloc-. Brill was overjoyed. He continued his research and made corrosive tests, such as water, acid and alkali. The results show that the Fe-Cr alloy produced by his smelting test is not easy to rust at any time, and 19 12 stainless steel is found. Scientific exploration is a hard and boring job, but it is also full of interest and contingency. It is said that stainless steel was invented by Breier, a metallurgical expert, and was a by-product of the development of gun bore steel and metal materials. 19 15, Brier's stainless steel discovery was patented in the United States; 19 16 This achievement was granted a British patent. At this time, Breier and Moselle jointly built a factory to produce stainless steel tableware, which transformed scientific and technological achievements into productivity. This novel stainless steel tableware was very popular in Europe and later spread all over the world. Therefore, Brill also won a high reputation. He is known as the father of stainless steel. However, Breier was not the first discoverer of stainless steel. At the beginning of the 20th century, two French engineers, Gayer and Boruz, found that the metal doped with chromium in iron was bright and corrosion-resistant, because they didn't know what this alloy was for, so they threw it away rashly. 19 12 years, Hermes in the United States also made stainless steel. At the same time, German metallurgical experts Shutlaus and Maurer also found that adding chromium and nickel in smelting can make steel that won't rust. Their findings are almost on the same starting line as Brier in Britain, but they didn't ask any questions about the strange phenomena they observed. However, it stopped before stepping into the scientific gate of continuing research, thus passing the honor of discovering stainless steel for the first time and gaining huge economic benefits from its development and utilization. In metal materials science, stainless steel belongs to special performance steel, which is mainly used as product parts or working parts in special environment. So, where is the mystery of stainless steel? Adding alloying elements such as molybdenum, titanium, copper, diamond, nickel, niobium, manganese and carbon to the original stainless steel with special physical and chemical properties. & gt
Question 7: Who invented steel, Nicholas? Alexeyevich? Ostrovsky (1904- 1936) was a famous proletarian writer and Bolshevik fighter in the former Soviet Union. 1904 was born in a worker's family on September 22nd. Because of his poor family,1/started to work as a child laborer at the age of 15, and 16 was unfortunately seriously injured in the battle. He was blind at the age of 23, paralyzed at the age of 25, and died at the age of 1936. Three years later, he overcame unimaginable difficulties and created the immortal masterpiece How Steel was Tempered, realizing his ideal of returning to combat posts. At the end of the novel, Paul finally received a telegram from the state Committee in almost desperate expectation: "The novel is highly appreciated and will be published soon. Congratulations on its success. " Ni in real life? Ostrovsky was not so lucky, but he experienced more hardships. After the novel was sent to the publishing house, it was rejected at the beginning. Later, through the efforts of my friends, I was carefully admitted to a magazine. Paul, the hero of the novel? Kochakin's monologue in front of the tomb of the martyrs in his hometown has become the motto of millions of young people: "Life is the most precious thing for a person, and life is only once for everyone. A person's life should be spent like this: looking back, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of doing nothing; In this way, when he dies, he can say,' All my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' "
Question 8: When was reinforced concrete invented? In modern city Y, skyscrapers have sprung up, in which reinforced concrete plays an important role. Reinforced concrete is probably one of the earliest composite materials developed and utilized by human beings.
1865, French landscape architect Joseph? When Moniere observed the plant roots, she found that the P roots of the plant roots were staggered in the soft soil and crossed into a network structure, which made the soil wrapped into a ball. He thus associated with the structure of the flower pond and added a steel wire mesh to it. In this way, the flower pond is no longer as easy to break as before. In 1875, he used this invention to make a reinforced concrete bridge. Since then, reinforced concrete has been widely used as a new building material.
The ratio of steel bars is large, which can bear both pressure and tension; Concrete has a small specific gravity, but it can withstand pressure, but not tension. If all buildings are made of steel, not only the cost is high, but also the thermal insulation performance is poor, so the ground can't bear such a big pressure; If the building is made entirely of concrete, it is cheap, but it is not strong. However, by adding steel bars to concrete, the advantages of both have been utilized.