Dinosaurs are reptiles that once dominated the earth. At present, there are about 800 known species of dinosaurs, and their shapes are divided into two major categories, namely, the dinosaurs of the order Saurodiscidae and the order Ornithodiscidae. Among them, some are vegetarians and some eat meat; some are dull and some are flexible; some crawl on land, some jump and run, and some fly in the air. In recent years, a craze for excavation, research and development of dinosaurs has quietly emerged around the world, and has attracted great attention from biologists, geographers, sociologists and even philosophers. The countries with the most dinosaur resources in the world are China, the United States, Canada, Mongolia, Argentina and Brazil. The most famous six places in China include Yun County in Hubei Province, Erenhot in Inner Mongolia, Xixia in Henan Province, Zigong in Sichuan Province, Lufeng in Yunnan Province, and Heyuan in Guangdong Province. The only place that can truly be compared with Heyuan City is Yun County, Hubei Province. Experts' on-the-spot investigation found that the dinosaur resources in Heyuan City and Yun County, Hubei Province have two major similarities. First, the first discovery of dinosaur eggs was in the 1970s, and the real large-scale discovery was also in March 1996; second, dinosaur bone fossils were discovered in Yun County, Hubei Province in July 1997. Experts identified this as "the first time in China that "The birthplace of dragon egg fossils that is also very rare in the world", and Heyuan City discovered dragon bone fossils in July 1999, becoming the second birthplace of dragon egg fossils in the country. Information about "dinosaurs" The first dinosaur bone fossil It was discovered and collected in 1677 by Robert Plaut, the keeper of the Oxford Museum in England. In the following more than a hundred years, many explorers and scholars successively discovered and studied fossils that belonged to dinosaurs, but almost none of them were correctly identified.
In 1841, paleontologist Richard Owen first proposed the word "dinosaur" based on some large reptile fossil specimens. The word comes from the Greek "deinos" (meaning detestable, terrifying). ) and "sauros" (meaning lizard), Japanese and Chinese scholars translate it as "dinosaur". After the concept of "dinosaur" came out, scholars made detailed observations and identifications of the dinosaur fossils discovered, and carried out further excavation work. The excavation of Asian dinosaurs began only after the 20th century. The earliest dinosaur fossils in my country were discovered in 1902 (Heilongjiang). Since then, a large number of dinosaur fossils have been unearthed in many places across the country, including Lufeng in Yunnan, Laiyang in Shandong, Zigong in Sichuan, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and other famous dinosaur fossil burial sites. . Lufeng and Zigong also established dinosaur museums respectively, and in 1991 the "Lufeng First Dinosaur Festival" was held. China can be called "the world's dinosaur power".
"Dinosaur" is not a classification term, but a popular name. There are two groups of dinosaurs: 1. The main feature of the saurischians (Saurosaurs) is that the structural form of the skeletal bones, ischium and pubic bones that make up the belt is similar to that of other reptiles, that is, the three-radial type or the three-radial type. belt. It is divided into two suborders: (1) Theropod suborder: Tyrannosaurus rex, Deinonychus, Leaposaurus, Leptoosaurus, etc.
(2) Sauropods: Diplodocus, Brontosaurus, Lufengosaurus, Mamenchisaurus, etc.
2. The main characteristic of Ornithischians (Ornithischia) is that the bone structure of the belt is similar to that of birds. The pubic bone points to the rear, which is a four-radiated or four-radiated belt. In addition, it also has a front Dentary and buccinator muscles. It is divided into five suborders:
(1) Ornithopods: Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus, etc.
(2) Ceratopsians: Protoceratops, Ceratops, Psittacosaurus, etc.
(3) Ankylosaurus suborder: Nodosaurus, Spinosaurus, Ankylosaurus, etc.
(4) Stegosaurus suborder: Stegosaurus, etc.
(5) Bellosaur suborder: Pachycephalosaurus, etc.
The biggest difference between dinosaurs and other reptiles is their standing posture and the way they move. Dinosaurs have a completely upright posture, with their limbs built directly underneath their bodies. This structure is more advantageous for walking and running than other types of reptiles, such as crocodiles, whose limbs extend outward. According to the different structural characteristics of dinosaur belts, they can be divided into two categories: Saurischia and Ornithischia. The difference between the two lies in the structure of their belts: Saurischia's belt is three-shot when viewed from the side, with the pubic bone It extends forward under the intestinal bone, and the ischium extends backward. This structure is similar to that of a lizard. In the ornithischian girdle, the intestinal bone is greatly expanded front and back. There is a large prepubic process on the front side of the pubic bone, which extends below the intestinal bone. , the back side is greatly extended parallel to the ischium and extends to the front and bottom of the intestinal bone.
Therefore, the pelvis looks radial when viewed from the side. Whether it is saurischians or ornithischians, their girdle leaves a small hole between the intestinal bone, ischium, and pubic bone. This hole is not found in reptiles of all other orders. It is this hole that shows that the two orders known as dinosaurs are the closest relatives to each other compared to all other orders of reptiles.
The order Sauropoda is divided into Sauropoda and Theropoda. Sauropods are further divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Prosauropods mainly lived from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic. They were a type of omnivorous-vegetarian medium-sized dinosaurs. Sauropods lived mainly during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Most of them were giant vegetarian dinosaurs. The head is small, the neck is long, the tail is long, and the teeth are small spoon-shaped. The famous representative of the sauropods is Mamenchisaurus, which was produced in the Late Jurassic of Sichuan and Gansu in my country. The length of its neck composed of 19 cervical vertebrae is approximately equal to half of the body length. Theropods lived from the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous. They are all carnivorous dragons, walking on two legs, with sharp claws on their toes, well-developed heads, and sharp teeth like daggers or knives in their mouths. Tyrannosaurus rex is a famous representative. Ornithischia is divided into 5 major categories: Ornithopoda, Stegosauria, Ankylosauria, Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria. Ornithopods are the group with the most fossils among ornithischians and even among the entire dinosaur class. They walk on two or four legs. The mandible has a separate predentary bone. The teeth only grow in the cheek. The crowns of the upper teeth are curved inward and the crowns of the lower teeth are curved outward. They lived from the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous, and they were all vegetarian dinosaurs. Stegosaurs walked on four legs, had upright bony plates on their backs, and had two pairs of bone spurs on their tails. Stegosaurs mainly lived from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, and were the first large group of dinosaurs to go extinct. Ankylosaurs are short and stocky dinosaurs with bony decks all over their bodies. They feed on plants and mainly appeared in the Cretaceous period. Ceratopsians are vegetarian dinosaurs that walked on four legs. The back of the skull expands into a cervical shield, and most of them lived in the late Cretaceous. The Psittacosaurus found in northern my country is the ancestral type of ceratopsians. The main characteristics of pachycephalosaurs are that their skulls are swollen and thick, their foramen is closed, and the pubic bone in the osseous plate is crowded out by the ischium. They do not participate in the formation of the belt. They mainly lived in the Cretaceous period.
Allosaurus Allosaurus Zephyrosaurus Hypsilophodon Hypsilophodon Iguanodon Muttaburrasaurus Ouranosaurus Equijubus Altirhinus Nanyangosaurus Nanyangosaurus Lurdusaurus Kangnasaurus Desert dragon Valdosaurus Fukuisaurus Jinzhousaurus Jinzhousaurus Tenontosaurus Tenontosaurus Probactrosaurus Leaellynasaura Atlascopcosaurus Siluosaurus Siluosaurus Qantassaurus Fulgurotheri Jeholosaur Jeholosaur Thecospondylus Xuanhuasaurus Stenopelix Zuniceratops Zuniceratop Dragon ArchaeoceratopsChaoyangsaurusLiaoning CeratopsLiaoceratopsHongshanosaurusHongshanosaurusWuerhosaurKatsuyamakensaurusChagannuursaurusNurosauruJobariaUltrasauruAsiatosaurusAugustiniaAgustiniaMongolian dragonMongolosaurusNigersaurusNigersaurusIsli Histriasaurus Rayososaurus Rebbachisaurus Rebbachisaurus Limaysaurus Amargasaur Amazonsaurus Amazonsaurus Pukyongosaurus Jiangshanosaurus Chondrosteosa Aragosaurus Pelorosaurus Austrosauru Bird face Dragon Ornithopsi Venenosaurus Astrodon Astrodon Eucamerot Pleurocoel Sonorasaur Poseidon Sauroposeido Cedarosaurus Aepisaurus Algoasaur Clasmodosa Iuticosaurus Chubutosaurus ChubutisaurusMacrurosaurusTangvayosaurusPhuwiangosaurusTidal dragonParalititanGobititanAndesaurusAndesaurusMalawisaurusAltispinajCalamospondyluCapitalsaurusEmbasrusInosaurusKagasaurusAkita Dragon Wakinosaurus Walgettosuchus Kelmayisaus Prodeinodon Spinostropheus Ligabueino Becklespinax Valdoraptor Valdoraptor (Erectopus) Afrovenator Tugulusaurus Siamosaurus Cristatusaurus Baryonyx Suchomimus Irritator Angaturama Fukui Pirates Dragon (Fukuiraptor) Acrocanthosaurus Dwarf Alien
Dwarfallosaur, Neovenator, Carcharodontosaurus, Giganotosaurus, Bahariasaurus, Chilantaisaurus, Calamosaurus, Ginnareemimus ) Harpymimus, Heptasteornis, Phaedrolosaurus, Kakuru, Arkansasaurus, Nqwebasaurus, Nedcolbertia ) Santanaraptor, Scipionyx, Yaverlandia, Aristosuchus, Sinosauropteryx, Huaxiagnathus, Mei, Mirischia, Archeopteryx (Protarchaeopteryx) Timimus (Timimus) Yixianosaurus (Microvenator) Caudipteryx (Caudipteryx) Microraptor (Microraptor) Microraptor Gu (M.gui) Sinornithosaurus Emperor Dragon (Dilong) Eotyrannus Siamotyrannus Tonouchisaurus Sinornithoides Sinovenator Sinusonasus Archaeornithomimus Shenzhousaurus, Sanchusaurus, Pelecanimimus, Incisivosaurus, Raptor, Ornithodesmus, Utahraptor, Deinonychus, Slenderraptor ( Graciliraptor, Alxasaurus, Achillobator, Beipiaosaurus, Protopteryx, Unenlagia, Anchiornis, Late Cretaceous ---Late Cretaceous--- Carnivorous dragons (Carnosaurus) Coeluroides Mifunesaurus Newtonsaurus Quilmesaurus Sidormimus Sigilmassasaurus Tsuchikurasaurus Kneeosaurus Genusaurus, Compsosuchus, Dryptosauroides, Genyodectes, Jubbulpuria, Ornithomimoides, Ilokelesia, Laevisuchus, and Dryptosaurus (Rugops), Noasaurus, Masiakasaurus, Velociraptor, Velociraptor, Betasuchus, Xenotarsosaurus, Tarascosaurus, Indosuchus Abelisaurus Majungasaurus
ungasaurus, Aucasaurus, Carnotaurus, Indosaurus, Orthogoniosaurus, Majungatholus, Rajasaurus, Unquillosaurus, Spinosaurus, Delta Deltadromeus, Aniksosaurus, Bagaraatan, Archaeornithoides, Bradycneme, Diplotomodon, Elopteryx, Labocania Ricardoestesia, Euronychodon, Paronychodon, Avimimus, Dryptosaurus, Shanyangosaurus, Rahonavis, Chibalong (Futabasaurus) Itemirus Alectrosaurus Chingkankousaurus Deinodon Alioramus Albertosaurus Gorgosaurus Opisthodon (Aublysodon) Nanotyrannus Stygivenator Dinotyrannus Shanshanosaurus Daspletosaurus Tyrannosaurus T.rex Tarbosaurus Luanchuan Tarbosaurus (T. Luanchuanensis), Araucanoraptor (Araucanoraptor), Borogovia (Borogovia), Ostrichosaurus (Tochisaurus), Byronosaurus (Saurornithoides), Troodon (Troodon), Stenonychosaurus (Stenonychosaurus) Deinocheirus, Orcomimus, Garudimimus, Gallimimus, Anserimimus, Dromiceiomimus, Ornithomimus, Ostrichosaurus Struthiomimus, Sinornithomimus, Nomingia, Heyuannia, Caenagnathus, Caenagnathasia, Chirostenotes, Elmisaurus, Citipati. Conchoraptor, Ingenia, Khaan, Oviraptor, Alvarezsaurus, Patagonykus, Mononykus, and Dromaeosaurus (Parvicursor) Shuvuuia Achillobator Adasaurus Bambiraptor Koreanosaurus Megaraptor Pyroraptor Variraptor ) Atrociraptor Dromaeosaurus Some dinosaurs had feathers, such as Bambiraptor.
Saurornitholestes, Erliansaurus, Neimenggusaurus, Nothronychus, Enigmosaurus, Erlikosaurus, Nanshiungosaurus, Slowosaurus Segnosaurus, Therizinosaurus, Notohypsilophodon, Bugenasaura, Thescelosaurus, Talenkauen, Orodromeus, Parksosaurus, Lophorhothon Rhabdodon, Mochlodon, Zalmoxes, Onychosaurus, Ornithomerus, Oligosaurus, Gasparinisaura, Loncosaurus Anabisetia, Bihariosaurus, Pararhabdodon, Planicoxa, Craspedodon, Hypsibema, Hironosaurus, Mandschurosaurus Bone setting Orthomerus, Secernosaurus, Protohadros, Claosaurus, Gilmoreosaurus, Telmatosaurus, Arstanosaurus, Gadolosaurus, Pteropelyx. Eolambia, Bactrosaurus, Tsintaosaurus, Charonosaurus, Parasaurolophus, Nipponosaurus, Amurosaurus, Jaxartosaurus, Lambeosaurus ) Olorotitan, Barsboldia, Corythosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, Hadrosaurus, Microhadrosaurus, Kerberosaurus, Twin Temples Dragon (Shuangmiaosaurus), Thespesius (Thespesius), Brachylophosaurus (Brachylophosaurus), Maiasaura (Maiasaura), Aralosaurus (Gryposaurus), Kritosaurus (Kritosaurus), Anatotitan (Anatosaurus), Edmontosaurus ( Edmontosaurus), Shantungosaurus, Tanius, Prosaurolophus, Saurolophus, Tianzhenosaurus, Psittacosaurus, Psittacosaurus (P.sinen), Melaiying Psittacosaurus Dragon (P. meileyingensis) Brachypodosaurus (Brachypodosaurus) Pachycephalosaurus (Stygimoloch) Microcephale (Microcephale) Gravitholus (Prenocephale) Pachycephalosaurus
(Tylocephale) Sphaerotholus Stegoceras Homalocephale Ornatotholus Micropachycephalosaurus Goyocephale Wannanosaurus Dravidosaurus Qinlingosaurus, Hisanohamasaurus, Megacervixosaurus, Sugiyamasaurus, Aegyptosaurus, Campylodon, Campylodoniscus, Borealosaurus, Huabeisaurus Ampelosaurus, Hypselosaurus, Jainosaurus, Magyarosaurus, Pellegrinisaurus, Epachthosaurus, Argentinosaurus, Lirainosaurus, Antarctosaurus ) Bonitasaura Laplatasaurus Nemegtosaurus Quaesitosaurus Rapetosaurus Alamosaurus Argyrosaurus Titanosaurus ) Isisaurus, Rinconsaurus, Aeolosaurus, Gondwanatitan, Opisthocoelicaudia, Neuquensaurus, Rocasaurus, Saltasaurus ( Saltasaurus, Otogosaurus, Taveirosaurus, Domeykosaurus, Notoceratops, Torosaurus, Prosauropod Plateosaurus, Tianshanosaurs An Anchisaurus, sauropod Mamenchisaurus, Seismosaurus, Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Euhelopus, stegosaur Stegosaurus, Kensaurus Kentrusaurs, Chialingosaurus, Huayangsaurs, Tuojiangosaurus, Ankylosaurus Scelidosaurus, Hylaeosaurus, Acanthopholis, Gastonia, Acrosaurus Stegopelta, Tyreophorus, Glyptodontopelta, Hoplitosaurus, Polacanthus, Sauroplites, Gobisaurus, Shamosaurus, Minmi, Tianchi Dragon (Tianchisaurus) Cedarpelta Ankylosaurus (Heishansaurus) Peishansaurus
us) Priconodon, Rhadinosaurus, Stegosaurides, Palaeoscincus, Pawpawsaurus, Sarcolestes, Anoplosaurus, Odosaurids Nodosaurus, Hylaeosaurus, Struthiosaurus, Niobrarasaurus, Texasetes, Animantarx, Edmontonia, Forest trees Dragon (Silvisaurus) Panoplosaurus Sauropelta Tsagantegia Maleevus Shanxia Talarurus Syrmosaurus Amtosaurus