Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that can change color according to the acidity and alkali of the cell fluid. If the cell fluid is acidic, it will be reddish, and if the cell fluid is alkaline, it will be blue. Anthocyanins (anthocyanins) ) is one of the main pigments that constitute the color of petals and fruits. It is produced through the phenylpropanoid pathway and the flavonoids biosynthetic pathway. Factors that affect the color of anthocyanins include anthocyanins The structure, pH value, copigmentation, etc. The color of the peel is affected by internal and external factors and cultivation techniques. Light can increase anthocyanin content; high temperature will degrade anthocyanins. Anthocyanins It is a secondary metabolite of plants and plays an important role in physiology. The color of petals and fruits can attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal (Stintzing and Carle, 2004). It is commonly found in the tissues of flowers and fruits and in the epidermal cells of stems and leaves. and the lower epidermal layer. The market price of some fruits is determined by the color depth. Anthocyanins belong to flavonoids among phenolic compounds. The basic structure contains two benzene rings connected by a 3-carbon unit (C6- C3-C6). Anthocyanins are produced through the phenylpropionic acid pathway and the flavonoid synthesis pathway, and are regulated and catalyzed by many enzymes. Pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, The six non-glycosides (aglycone) are mainly peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Anthocyanins are mainly composed of the number of hydroxyl groups (-OH), Different colors appear due to factors such as methylation, glycosylation number, sugar type and connection position (Fan and Qiu, 1998). The color expression is due to changes in biochemical environmental conditions, such as anthocyanin concentration, The effect of coloration and pH value in the vacuole (Clifford, 2000). The purpose of this article is to understand the factors that affect anthocyanin production and synthesis, so as to serve as a reference for field cultivation management.
Orange and yellow It is the function of carotene. In 1910, β-carotene was discovered in carrots. Later, two other carotene isomers were discovered, namely: α, β, and γ isomers. In 1958, β-carotene was discovered in carrots. Carotene was patented (US2849495, August 26, 1958, patentee: Hoffmann La Roche). It is currently mainly extracted from the ocean and can also be synthesized artificially
There are more than 300 different kinds of cyanine in nature. Anthocyanins are derived from different fruits and vegetables such as lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries, grapes, elderberries, black currants, purple carrots and red cabbage, with colors ranging from red to blue. These anthocyanins mainly contain flying Delchindin, Cyanidin, Petunidin, Peonidin.
The color of anthocyanins changes with the pH value. Raspberry red at a pH of 3 to deep blueberry red at a pH of 5. These pigments have good light, heat and pH stability in most applications and are able to withstand Pasteurization and UHT heat treatments. Anthocyanins It is widely used in beverages, candies, jelly and jam.
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the possible health benefits of anthocyanins as polyphenols. In the future, this This property is likely to be increasingly used in functional foods and health foods. Currently, there are relatively mature anthocyanin products on the market. These anthocyanins are mainly bilberry anthocyanins, blueberry anthocyanins, and cranberry anthocyanins. , elderberry anthocyanins, blackberry anthocyanins and black bean skin anthocyanins, etc., the contents are all 25% or 40%. Mr. In 2001, large-scale production of 25% anthocyanin finished products began.
The role of anthocyanins
Anthocyanins bring many benefits to the human body. Fundamentally speaking, flowers Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants that protect the human body from damage caused by harmful substances called free radicals. Anthocyanins can also enhance blood vessel elasticity and improve the circulatory system.
And improve skin smoothness, inhibit inflammation and allergies, and improve joint flexibility. Some of the effects of anthocyanins are listed below:
1. Helps prevent a variety of free radical-related diseases, Including cancer, heart disease, premature aging and arthritis;
2. Reduce the occurrence of heart disease and stroke by preventing stress response and platelet aggregation caused by smoking;
3 .Enhance the ability of the immune system to resist carcinogens;
4. Reduce the number and duration of colds;
5. Have anti-mutation functions to reduce the formation of carcinogens; < /p>
6. Has anti-inflammatory properties, thus preventing inflammation including arthritis and swelling;
7. Relieves hay fever and other allergies;
8. Enhance the elasticity of arteries, veins and capillaries;
9. Protect the inner walls of arteries and blood vessels;
10. Maintain the normal flexibility of blood cells to help red blood cells pass through small capillaries. Therefore, it enhances blood circulation throughout the body, brings direct benefits to organs and systems in all parts of the body, and enhances cell vitality;
11. Relaxes blood vessels to promote blood flow and prevent high blood pressure (lower blood pressure) Efficacy);
13. Prevent the increase in blood pressure caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme released by the kidneys (another blood pressure-lowering effect);
14. As a protective agent for brain cells A barrier to prevent the formation of amyloid beta protein, glutamate toxicity and free radical attack, thereby preventing Alzheimer's disease;
15. Through the inhibition of elastase and collagenase Makes the skin smooth and elastic, preventing skin damage caused by excessive sun exposure, both internally and externally.