pen
From fountain pens to fountain pens, there are some experiences and many records in the literature. The fountain pen began in a.d. 1884. Lewis Edison wortmann of the United States applied the capillary principle to design a component with capillary function-the pen tongue, which is closely matched with the pen tip. Then the ink is injected into the hollow pen holder with a dropper, and the ink automatically flows to the pen tip by virtue of capillary attraction, forming the prototype of fountain pen. Later, after many improvements, the elastic rubber pen holder was made, and the water absorption structure was designed based on the principle of atmospheric pressure difference to replace the dropper for water injection. In addition, the pen holder and the pen container are also made, so that the fountain pen has the functions of protection and portability. This laid the foundation of fountain pen and created a new era of fountain pen, a novel writing tool.
Pen, also called pen, is one of the most widely used writing tools at present.
Before the fountain pen was invented, Europeans used quill pens (also called quill pens) for thousands of years. It is made of the wing feathers of birds such as chickens, ducks, geese and eagles, and the most commonly used is the goose wing feathers. The word "pen" in English comes from the Latin word "feather". However, the life of quill pens is very short, and the nib is easy to be bald or bifurcated. It is good that a pen can write thousands of words. Later, people wrapped a layer of metal foil on the tip of quill pens, and the metal tip was born. Subsequently, wooden poles and metal poles gradually replaced the wings and feathers of birds and evolved into dip pens.
The life of the pen has been greatly extended, but every few words are dipped in ink, and people want to make further changes to it. 1809, an Englishman Jefferson invented a pen that can hold ink. There is a small hole in the upper part of the pen. When the hole is closed, the nib cannot write. Only by opening the hole can the ink flow to the nib. In the same year, another Englishman, Bram, improved the dip pen and had a very thin silver pen holder. You have to pinch the pen like a glass tube with a plastic bag by hand before the pen tip can write. During the period of 1800- 1900, many inventors created a variety of fountain pens, applied for more than 400 patents before and after, and once had a manual writing pen that used a dropper to store ink. However, because ink often condenses and blocks the nib, sometimes too much water sometimes leaks, which is inconvenient to use, so it has not been widely used.
It is only a hundred years since the invention of fountain pen structure. It was invented by American wortmann Acheson in 1884.
Wortmann was engaged in insurance. At work, he often spends a lot of energy drawing tables because of ink leakage, so he thought that he should redesign a fountain pen that can control ink leakage and is more convenient to use. So, he gave up his job at that time and began to devote himself to the research of fountain pen. 1884, and the research has achieved results. He used a long hard rubber capillary to connect the pen nozzle with the ink storage tube in the pen, and drilled a thin-haired tube on the hard rubber to let a small amount of air enter the ink storage tube to maintain the air pressure balance in the ink storage tube. In this way, when the pen mouth is pressed, the ink will slowly and continuously flow to the pen tip, effectively solving the problem of sudden ink dripping. Since then, someone has improved wortmann's invention by changing the dropper filled with ink into a rubber hose that can automatically absorb ink, which is more convenient to use.
Even before fountain pens were invented, people used steel heads on feather pens and other ink pens. The pen tip is cheap, but the pen tip is hard, writing is uncomfortable, and it is not resistant to the corrosion of chemical components in ink; Gold nib is smooth and corrosion-resistant, but it is expensive. 1852, an Englishman named Holles found a wear-resistant natural iridium alloy ore in Tosnia, Australia, in order to find a high-quality and cheap pen tip material. He processed iridium alloy into a pen tip, which is not only wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant, but also fluent in writing and low in cost, and is deeply loved by people. Later, this iridium alloy nib was used for fountain pens, and it was called "iridium pen". However, due to excessive demand, natural iridium alloy ore is in short supply. So people began to look for new alternative materials, and gradually used refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium and high toughness metals such as cobalt and nickel to make the materials needed for the pen tip. Although this kind of pen does not use metal iridium, people are still used to calling it "iridium pen".