Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel devoted himself to the research of explosives all his life, and was known as the "king of explosives" for inventing nitroglycerin detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also engaged in industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions in his life, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth.
1896 10 February 10, Nobel died in San Remo, Italy. One year before his death, he ordered to use most of his legacy (about 9.2 million US dollars) as a fund, divide the annual interest into five parts, and set up five prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, literature and peace, which will be awarded to people all over the world who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields. Accordingly,1June 900, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Parliament passed the articles of association for awarding the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death the following year, namely1901+02+10. Since then, in addition to the wartime interruption, grand awards ceremonies will be held on this day every year in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway. 1990, Klaus Nobel, the great grandson of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Earth Prize to the winners of outstanding environmental achievements. The award was first presented in World Environment Day on June 5th, 199 1. Nobel will
1968 On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the establishment of China Construction Bank, the Swedish Central Bank added the Nobel Prize for Economic Science to those who have made great contributions in the field of economic science research (called "Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize for Economic Science" by the Swedish Central Bank, also known as "Nobel Prize for Economic Science"). This award was presented at the same time as the other five awards of 1969.
1990, Klaus Nobel, the great-grandson of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Prize for the Earth and award it to people who have made great contributions to environmental protection all over the world. The "UN-Earth is One" prize, known as the Green Nobel Prize, was first awarded by the "Earth is One" association sponsored by the United Nations on the occasion of World Environment Day on June 5th. 199 1.
Nobel prizes include gold medals, certificates and bonus checks. Among them, the amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. The face value of bonus increased year by year due to inflation, initially about 30,000 US dollars, about 75,000 US dollars in the 1960s, about 220,000 US dollars in the 1980s, and about 6,543,800 US dollars in the 1990s. 200 1 year, the amount of each Nobel Prize is 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 950,000 US dollars). In 2005, the amount of each Bell Prize was 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 6.5438+0.3 million US dollars). How much is the Nobel legacy?
The gold medal weighs about half a pound, contains 23K gold, is about 6.5cm in diameter, and has a Nobel relief image on the front. Different awards and medals have different back decorations. The design of each award certificate also has its own style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, and the number of people attending the ceremony is limited to1.5000 to1.8000 every year. Among them, men should wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women should wear serious evening dresses. The flowers used in the ceremony were flown in from all over the world to show respect for knowledge.
Since the Nobel Prize was awarded in 190 1, * * six China people have won the Nobel Prize in Science, namely,,,,, Zhu,. & gt& gt
According to Nobel's will, in the whole selection process, the winners are not influenced by any nationality, nationality, ideology or religion, and the only criterion for selection is the size of achievements. However, it has also been pointed out that the Nobel Prize, especially the Peace Prize, is sometimes influenced by political and other factors in the selection process.
The whole process of Nobel Prize selection is confidential and there is no reconsideration. When the final result is announced, there are only the names of the winners and brief reasons. Relevant selection records and candidate materials shall not be disclosed to the public within 50 years. Even after this time limit, it is only available to professionals who study the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize awarding institutions place great emphasis on their strict independence. Even the Swedish and Norwegian governments cannot exert any influence on the selection results. Mistakes in the Nobel Prize
On June 5438+February 10, 2003, Alexei Abrikosov (left), winner of physics prize, received the award from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in the concert hall in the center of Stockholm, Sweden. Xinhua News Agency/AFP
According to the Nobel will, the physics prize and chemistry prize are awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, the physiology or medicine prize by the Royal Caroline Medical College of Sweden, the literature prize by the Swedish Academy, and the peace prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. 1968 added an economics prize, which was provided by the Swedish central bank and entrusted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Science for evaluation. The Swedish Academy responsible for evaluating Nobel Prize in Literature was first established in 1786. This is a national college that aims to maintain and develop Swedish literature and writing. The Nobel Prize in Literature Jury is composed of 18 lifelong academicians, and the annual Nobel Prize in Literature Prize winner is publicly announced on a Thursday in 65438+ 10. According to the ancient tradition, the number of academicians who quit the College of Literature will not increase, and only after the death of the current academician will new academicians be added. On June 5438+1October1October, 2005, Professor Knuts Ahnlund, an academician of the College of Literature of Sweden and a judge of Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote an article in the Swedish Daily published on the same day, announcing his withdrawal from the Swedish Academy Literature Prize because he selected elfriede jelinek, an Austrian woman writer, as Nobel Prize in Literature by the Nobel Prize in Literature Jury in 2004.
Each awarding unit of the Nobel Prize has a five-member committee responsible for the selection, which is held every three years. The selection process and principles are as follows:
The first step in the selection process is to recommend candidates. The recommender must have certain qualifications. They must be: former Nobel Prize winners, members of Nobel Prize jury, distinguished university professors, invited professors of Nobel Prize jury, chairman of representative writers' association (literature prize), members of some international conferences and organizations (peace prize), members of national parliaments and cabinet members (peace prize). No one can recommend himself as the winner. The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, nor can they support or oppose the recommended candidates. The work of recommending candidates ends before February 1 every year, and the recommender submits a recommendation report to the relevant selection agency around September. After discussing the candidates' achievements, the selection committee announced the selection results in the middle of June 5438+ 10. The evaluation of candidates by the Nobel Prize Selection Committee is conducted in secret.
2004 Nobel Prize Presentation Ceremony >>
—— From September to the following year1October 3 1 candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes. There are usually 1000-2000 candidates recommended every year.
—— From February 1 day, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and review the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential. By September, the list of winners in various fields has been basically determined, and then the jury will hold a plenary meeting to formally decide.
-The winners of this year's Nobel Prize were selected in the second week of June+10, 5438. Notify the winner immediately after the election results are announced.
-65438+February 10 is the anniversary of Nobel's death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively. In Sweden, the king will give prizes to the winners.
The Swedish Nobel Foundation announced that the 2006 Nobel Prize awarding ceremony will be held in the first and second weeks of June 10, with a prize of100000 Swedish kronor (about140000 USD).