Germanium, atomic number 32, atomic weight 72.6438+0. 187 1 year, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of germanium according to the newly released periodic table. 1886, German chemist Winkler separated germanium from a sulfur-silver-germanium ore and named it. The element name comes from his motherland, which means "Germany". The content of germanium in the earth's crust is about 0.0007%, and a large amount of germanium exists in various metal silicate minerals, sulfide minerals and various coals in a dispersed state.
Germanium is a silver-gray crystal; Melting point is 937.4℃, boiling point is 2830℃, and density is 5.35 g/cm? , hardness 6 ~ 6.5; Crystal germanium is brittle at room temperature; It has obvious non-metallic properties.
At room temperature, the element germanium has no effect on oxygen and water; When heated to above 700℃, it reacts with oxygen; Can react with halogen or sulfur when heated; Germanium can be dissolved in hot concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid; Soluble in the mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid; Soluble in molten caustic soda in air.
High purity single crystal germanium is a semiconductor material for making transistors and diodes. Gallium-doped monocrystalline silicon is used to manufacture low-temperature thermometers and bolometers.
Tourmaline introduction
Chemical composition Tourmaline is a borosilicate mineral. The chemical general formula is NAR3Al6 [Si6O18] [BO3] 3 (OH, F) 4, and the English name is Tourmaline. Tourmaline is a cyclic silicate mineral of aluminum, iron, sodium, magnesium and lithium characterized by boron. Mohs hardness is 7-7.5 and specific gravity is 2.98-3. ? Chemical composition of tourmaline SiO 2 TiO 2 Cao K2O LiO 2O 3 B2O3 MgO Na2O Fe2O3 FeO MnO P2O5. That is to say, in addition to the main chain of silica, there are [[〔BO3〕] complex anion groups. Na+ can be partially substituted by K+ and Ca2+, and (OH)- can be substituted by F-, but there is no phenomenon that Al3+ replaces Si4+.
The physical properties of tourmaline include magnesium tourmaline, lithium tourmaline, chromium tourmaline and iron tourmaline. The color of tourmaline varies according to its composition: tourmaline rich in Fe is black, tourmaline rich in Li, Mn and Cs is rose and light blue, tourmaline rich in Mg is often brownish yellow, and tourmaline rich in Cr is dark green. In nature, magnesium tourmaline and lithium tourmaline are very rare, generally used in jewelry and handicrafts, and difficult to use in industry. In addition, tourmaline often has a ribbon phenomenon. The vertical C axis forms a horizontal ribbon from the center to the outside, or is it the C axis? The two ends are different in color. Glass luster. No cleavage; Sometimes there may be vertical L3 cracks. The hardness is 7 ~ 7.5. The relative density is 3.03 ~ 3.25, and the relative density increases with the increase of iron and manganese content in the composition. It is not only piezoelectric, but also pyroelectric (because its unidirectional axis L3 is the only polar axis).
Origin and Occurrence Tourmaline is rich in volatile components B and H2O, so it is mostly related to gasification, and occurs in granite pegmatite and gas-generated hydrothermal deposits. Generally, the formation temperature of black tourmaline is higher, while the formation temperature of green and pink tourmaline is lower. Tourmaline formed in the early stage is a long column, and it is a short column in the late stage. In addition, tourmaline also occurs in metamorphic deposits.
Tourmaline is mainly composed of magnesium, aluminum, iron, boron and so on 10, which are beneficial to human body. Because it is a polar crystal with special structure, it can generate electric ions for a long time and permanently release air negative ions and far infrared rays, so it is named tourmaline.
Tourmaline species
Crystal tourmaline, fiber tourmaline, handicraft tourmaline (tourmaline); Black tourmaline, pink tourmaline
Note: Red tourmaline, also known as "red tourmaline" and green tourmaline (also known as "green tourmaline"), is a light green, green, dark green, blue-green, yellow-green or comprehensive green lithium tourmaline gem. ), blue tourmaline (also known as "blue tourmaline", is pure blue to deep purple blue or turquoise blue, light blue to light green blue tourmaline. Pure blue tourmaline is a rare high-grade gem. ), yellow tourmaline (also known as yellow tourmaline), purple tourmaline (also known as purple tourmaline), colorless tourmaline (also known as colorless tourmaline), black tourmaline (also known as black tourmaline), multicolor tourmaline (also known as multicolor tourmaline and variegated tourmaline) and tourmaline cat's eye.
Its piezoelectric properties can be mainly used in the radio industry; Its pyroelectricity can be used in infrared detection and refrigeration industry. Bright, clear and transparent stones can be used as raw materials for precious stones (commonly known as tourmalines).
Tourmaline, a natural mineral in Brazil, produces a weak current of 0.06 mA, which is the same as the pulse wave that controls the nervous system of human brain. It is the most suitable weak current for human health regulation. Negative ions can be absorbed through contact with skin, acupoints and respiratory and cardiopulmonary systems, while far infrared rays can penetrate negative ions into deep layers of the body, activate cells, promote metabolism, balance positive and negative ions, improve physical fitness, enhance immunity and relieve soreness. Therefore, the three health-care functions produced by tourmaline complement each other. Once in contact with water, it can instantly release current in water, which is the most suitable current for human body. When water comes into contact with weak current, hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in surrounding water molecules are separated. On the one hand, hydrogen ions combine with electrons to form hydrogen, and hydroxyl ions combine with surrounding water molecules to form interfacial active substances, which can generate more than 300 times negative ions. At this time, the hydrogen measured by ultrasonic wave is 1.32PPM, indicating that the reduction potential of water is very good. In this environment, water will become alkaline ionized water (PH is about 7.4, which is the same as human body fluids). At the same time, because the water is weakly alkaline, algae will not reproduce.
According to experts' research, tourmaline material has strong vitality and can release a large number of cathode negative ions, and its pyroelectric, piezoelectric and triboelectric properties are remarkable. It has reducing effect, can inhibit food decay, deodorizes 6 times as much as activated carbon, can stay away from infrared rays and promote metabolism. This effect is semi-permanent.
Tourmaline ionic active spheres are made of a variety of special inorganic materials (such as far infrared materials at room temperature) by high temperature sintering. The water treated by this product has the characteristics of good activity and high salt content. It is more easily absorbed by the human body and is beneficial to human health.
In an invention patent (CN 1222494A), the technology of making ceramic balls with tourmaline is introduced. Tourmaline is ground into particles with a diameter of 6~ 140um, accounting for 3% ~ 98% of the total weight; Clay accounts for 97 ~ 2% of the total weight; After adding water and stirring, it is molded, dried and sintered into particles with a diameter of 5 ~ 50 mm, which can strengthen the fields of drinking water activation, sewage treatment, crop spraying, air purification and so on.
Tomalin ceramsite can be used as tomalin fuel economizer, which can make diesel fuel burn more fully and save fuel. Tourmaline, as a kind of rock crystal gem, has unique piezoelectric effect and thermoelectric effect, and has many promoting effects on human health. It can emit far infrared rays with the wavelength of 4~ 14 micron, which is called "light of life". With the far infrared wavelength of human body, it can improve microcirculation and release a large number of negative ions. Negative ion is a gas ion with negative charge in the air. Some people call negative ions "air vitamins" and think that they, like food vitamins, have a very important influence on the life activities of human beings and other organisms. Some people even think that negative air ions are related to longevity, which is called "longevity element". Negative ions have the following functions:
1, making active oxygen: negative ions can effectively activate oxygen molecules in the air, making them more active and more easily absorbed by the human body, effectively preventing "air conditioning diseases";
2. Improve lung function: After inhaling oxygen-carrying negative ions, the lung can increase the absorption of oxygen by 20% and discharge more nitrogen dioxide15%;
3, promote metabolism: activate a variety of enzymes in the body to promote metabolism;
4, increase disease resistance: it can change the body's response ability, activate the function of reticuloendothelial system, and enhance the body's immunity;
5, improve sleep: through the role of negative ions, people are refreshed, work efficiency is improved, sleep is improved, and it has obvious analgesic effect;
6, sterilization function: negative ions are easy to absorb all kinds of viruses and bacteria, causing structural changes or possible transfer, leading to their death. Dust removal and sterilization can effectively reduce the harm of second-hand smoke, and environmental protection and health can be seen;
7. Smoke suppression and dust removal: Negative ions can easily adsorb various viruses and bacteria, causing structural changes or energy transfer, leading to their death. Dust removal and sterilization can effectively reduce the harm of second-hand smoke, and environmental protection and health can be seen;
8. Protection function: neutralize the high-voltage static electricity of TV and computer, and form a negative ion protection layer in front of it, effectively reducing the damage of high-voltage static electricity generated by TV and computer to eyes, effectively preventing myopia and reducing the damage of dust to TV and computer;
9, care for hair: hair itself contains a lot of positive ions, and the surface will stick to Dali dust. When people comb their hair with a common comb, there is a lot of static electricity in the hair due to friction, which makes the hair attract each other and cannot be vertical naturally, and negative ions can completely neutralize these static electricity, thus making the hair present vertical beauty.
Tourmaline has a permanent electrode, which is a natural battery given by nature to human beings. It is the only crystal on the earth with permanent electrodes. It can release negative ions permanently and continuously. As long as it absorbs the light energy of the sun, it doesn't need any additional conditions and anyone, and it doesn't need any conditions and artificial assistance. It will spare no effort to supply far infrared rays, negative ions, bioelectricity and other health care factors for human beings forever. It is a rare example of all mineral materials in the world, because it has many reputations such as "far infrared emitter", "air vitamin", "cell activator" and "blood vessel scavenger". Therefore, tourmaline series health care products are also called health care products without shelf life.
2 1 century, Korean scientific and technological personnel introduced "liquid tourmaline" technology and a series of health care products by high-tech means, and became "health care doctors" who never laid off their jobs, which played a very good role in maintaining human health: improving blood circulation and microcirculation, relaxing meridians and activating collaterals, promoting metabolism, releasing negative ions, balancing human pH, and effectively blocking the harm of harmful radiation such as electromagnetic waves and water pulse waves to human body.
Tourmaline series products produced by our factory: single crystal, fibrous, tourmaline ceramsite ball, tourmaline powder, electricity.
Gas stone bracelet, white tourmaline powder, etc.
Tourmaline is a silicate mineral with the scientific name "Tourmaline", which belongs to the middle-grade gem. Tourmaline crystal
Trilateral system of body structure and morphology. Complex cubic single cone crystal. The crystal is columnar. The crystal faces at both ends of the crystal are different, and the cylinder is often
Longitudinal stripes appear, and the cross section is spherical triangle. Aggregates are rod-shaped, radial, needle-shaped or dense blocks or
Functional characteristics of tourmaline;
(1) produces negative ions.
Negative ions, also known as "vitamins in the air", have the functions of regulating human ion balance, relaxing body and mind, activating cells, improving natural cure rate, and inhibiting oxidation or aging of the body. There are many important factors that promote the production of positive ions in modern environment, and the body is often in a state of tension. Therefore, negative ions are indispensable substances in modern life. In addition, negative ions also have the effect of keeping fresh and deodorizing.
(2) emitting far infrared rays (4- 14 micron growth rays)
Tourmaline has the function of emitting far infrared red (4- 1.4 micron growth light). Far infrared rays can penetrate deep warm cells in the body, promote blood circulation and make metabolism smooth. Tourmaline can be used as nano-powder to penetrate into textiles and used in bedding, which can purify indoor air, purify blood, stabilize autonomic nerves, dilate blood vessels, stabilize blood pressure, activate cells, improve immunity, resist allergy and help to recover from fatigue.
Far infrared can be used to treat lumbago, arthropathy, foot pain, and fear of cold, and also has the effects of hair care and hair growth.
(3) electrolyzing water to reduce water molecule beam
Water will not exist as a single molecule, but will combine with hydrogen to form molecular clusters. It's called molecular beam. Activated water is a molecular beam of 5-6 molecules. In this state, the activity of molecules is the most vigorous. Once the water contains impurities such as chlorine or heavy metals, these impurities will enter the molecular beam and form dozens of molecular groups, which will inhibit the activities of water molecules, make the water unpalatable and reduce the penetration of cells. The unpalatable tap water is not only treated with chlorine, but also related to the size of molecular beam. Generally, the molecular beam of tap water is in 12- 16, and the polluted water is generally in. Tourmaline with 4- 14 micron electromagnetic wave will become 5-6 ideal molecular beams if polymer beams are used to act on water. The electromagnetic wave generated by tourmaline can not only improve the physiological activity of human body, but also activate water. The interface can be activated after water electrolysis, and the taste becomes moist and sweet.
(4) containing effective trace minerals
Tourmaline contains various natural minerals, many of which are the same as those needed for human health. Minerals are easily absorbed by weak current, so they are excellent sources of minerals.
Use of tourmaline:
(1) Purification and mineralization of water. The water treated with tourmaline contains a variety of mineral elements and tastes excellent.
(2) It is added to fabric fibers and used in textiles. All kinds of clothes and bedding made of this fabric not only have infrared physiotherapy effect on human body, but also have antibacterial and deodorizing effects, and can also play a role in radiation protection.
(3) When added to various paints and coatings, tourmaline can generate negative ions and adsorb organic volatiles. It can be used for painting interior walls and roofs with various latex, paints and water-based paints as carriers, and can purify the air for a long time, absorb the pollution caused by organic volatiles such as formaldehyde and toluene caused by house decoration, and continuously generate negative ions, adjust mood and promote health.
(4) Steaming room: The steaming room of Tomalin can dilate capillaries, enhance blood circulation, promote metabolism and enhance lymphatic circulation. For cell tissue, it can activate cells, expel dead cells or give them regeneration ability, enhance cell energy and enhance cell function and vitality. At the same time can remove wrinkles and beautify the skin.
(5) Used in cosmetics: Tourmaline can make water molecules arrange neatly, form an ideal ion network, and have synergistic effect with other ingredients, which can be absorbed by the skin and improve the overall efficacy. After tourmaline treatment, the molecular combination of nutrients is reduced, so that nutrients can pass through the gaps between skin cells and even reach the dermis that produces skin cells. It can achieve the effects of removing spots, preventing wrinkles and restoring skin elasticity. It can be made into cosmetics and skin care products such as emulsion, facial cleanser, night cream, shower gel, make-up water, facial mask, powder cake, etc., and has the effects of acne removal, freckle removal and whitening, and the dandruff removal effect of shampoo is quite good.
Others: Tourmaline can also be widely used in cigarettes, plastics, aquaculture and other industries, and its role in health and environmental protection needs to be further developed and utilized.
The efficacy of medical stone:
A. Natural minerals emitted by medical stone can absorb chlorine in tap water, remove the smell of bleaching powder in water, and mineralize tap water into delicious mineral water.