Alexander Bell
Gender: male
Date of birth and death: 1847 ~ 1942
Country: Scotland
biography
biography
"I know that fate is in my own hands, and I know that great success is coming." Bell once confidently announced this to the world.
1874 was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3rd.
1862, Bell entered the famous Edinburgh University and chose phonetics as his major. Bell made rapid progress by summing up his parents' experience.
1867 After graduation, I went to London University to study linguistics. At this time, there was a massive lung disease in England, and Bell lost two brothers. His father moved to Canada with his family to escape the plague.
From 65438 to 0869, 22-year-old Bell was employed as a professor of linguistics at Boston University, teaching acoustics. In the more than 20 years after the invention of Morse telegraph, countless scientists tried to transmit sound directly with current, and Bell also took the invention of telephone as his bounden responsibility. However, because the telephone transmits continuous signals, rather than discontinuous on-off signals like telegrams, it was as difficult as going to heaven at that time. He tried to show the deaf-mute people "words" with continuous vibration curves, but failed. However, an interesting phenomenon was found in the experiment: every time the current was cut off, the coil would make a "tick" sound similar to Morse code. Jambers boldly imagined that if the current intensity could be used to simulate the change of sound, wouldn't it be possible to transmit sound with current? In the next two years, Nebel worked hard to master electricity. With a solid knowledge of linguistics, he seemed to have wings. He resigned as a professor and devoted himself to the experiment of inventing the telephone. He happened to meet Watson, an electrical engineer of 18 years old. At that time, everything was ready except one collaborator. Two years later, after numerous failures, they finally made two rough prototypes: the center of the film at the bottom of the cylinder was connected with a carbon rod inserted with sulfuric acid. When a person speaks, the vibration of the membrane changes the resistance and the current, and then the electric signal is changed back to speech by electromagnetic principle at the receiving place. Unfortunately, the experiment failed, and their voices were transmitted to each other through the ceiling of the apartment instead of the machine.
While they were thinking hard, Ding Dongsheng of the guitar outside the window reminded them that the sensitivity of the microphone and receiver was too low! They made their own speakers and improved the machine for two days and two nights. Then he started the experiment. At first, Watson only heard the hissing current from the receiver. Finally, he heard Bell's clear voice, "Mr. Watson, come on! I need you. Bi? Build a cooking? What do you want? Why don't you stir it? What are you doing? What about killing Pantu? Worried about ammonia cooking? ‖√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√? Bottle? What's the matter with you? Neon silly? On the evening of June 2, 875, Bell was 28 years old and Watson was 2 1 year old. They struck while the iron was hot, and after half a year's improvement, they finally made the world's first practical telephone. 1March 3, 876 (Bell's 29th birthday), Bell's patent application was approved with the patent number of US 174465. In fact, a few hours after Bell applied for a telephone patent, another outstanding inventor Eliza Gray also applied for a patent for his telephone. Due to the difference of several hours, the US Supreme Court ruled that Bell was the inventor of the telephone.
After returning to Boston, the two continued to improve it and seized every opportunity to promote it. Two years later, 1878, Bell conducted the first long-distance telephone experiment between Boston and new york, more than 300 kilometers away. Just as successful as Morse 34 years ago. The difference is that they hold a popular science publicity meeting, and the audience on both sides can talk to each other. There was a small problem in the middle: the black folk singer who performed the last program was too nervous to make a sound after hearing Bell's voice in the distance, and Beljean Watson, who used his quick wits, took his place. Watson's brave singing made the audience on both sides burst into applause and laughter from time to time, and the experiment was a complete success.
1877, the year after Bell invented the telephone, the first telephone line in Boston was opened, connecting Charles Williams' factory with his private residence in Somerville. It was also in this year that someone sent news information to the Boston Globe by telephone for the first time, and the era of using public telephones began.
1942, Bell died at the age of 95.
The inventor of the car
Karl Benz
1884, Karl Benz was born in Germany. He never met his father because his father, a train driver, died in an accident when he was one year old. 1860 after graduating from middle school, Mercedes-Benz went to a local technical school, where he was particularly interested in mechanical principles, especially studying heat engines and steam engines.
After graduating from Mercedes-Benz technical school, I first worked as an apprentice in a machinery factory, then as the director of Mannheim Construction Company, and soon served in the army. 187 1 Mercedes-Benz, who retired at the beginning of the year, looked for jobs everywhere, and it was not until the following year that he found a friend to borrow money to set up "karl benz Iron Casting Machinery Factory".
Due to the long-term economic depression, 1877, Mercedes-Benz's factory was on the verge of closure, owing 2000 marks to others, and debt collectors frequently came to the door.
Mercedes-Benz didn't give up (otherwise there would be no Mercedes-Benz today). He decided to turn to the engine manufacturing industry with great development potential, and successfully developed a single-cylinder two-stroke engine on the evening of 1879+02+3 1.
His factory was depressed because the engine was useless at that time. 1882, Mercedes-Benz finally got the support of a businessman and a bank, and jointly established Mannheim Gas Engine Co., Ltd. A month later, due to the contradiction between the businessman and the bank, Mercedes-Benz could not let go and angrily launched the company. Due to the premature launch, Mercedes-Benz took all the machinery and equipment as compensation.
1885, Mercedes-Benz finally built the world's first automobile (single cylinder water-cooled vertical engine, displacement of 985CC, power of 0.75 HP, maximum speed of 12 mph), and obtained the automobile manufacturing patent (registration number) on1886+129 October.
1888 In September, at the Munich Machinery Expo, Mercedes-Benz cars shocked the world.
1893, after several years' efforts, Carl Benz began to produce Victoria brand wagons (the price is 4000 marks), resulting in a backlog of products. He listened to the businessman's advice and introduced a car with only 2000 marks. As a result, he sold 125 cars a year.
Mercedes-Benz has achieved success, sustained development and great wealth. Every year from 65438+February to 3 1, I started the first engine at my wife's request and recalled the difficult history of that year.
1929, karl benz died.
1886 65438+1On October 29th, karl benz invented the first tricycle without horse-drawn, which is now kept in Munich's automobile museum. Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company won the' automobile manufacturing patent right', and it was this day that was determined as the birthday of the automobile.
The inventor of the bicycle, Dresden.
The earliest bicycle propelled by people's two legs was called "Dreyfus car", which was made by Dreyfus in Germany in 18 17. 186 1 year, someone took a Dreyfus car to the French chariot and horse manufacturer Misaud for repair. Michelle's son Ernest may not know that Macmillan invented the first pedal-propelled bicycle in 1839. He thought carefully about "Dreiser" and thought that a crank similar to a grinding handle could be mounted on the front wheel, and stepping on it could drive the wheel forward. This idea was quickly put into practice, and bicycles with front wheels driven by rotating pedals appeared. This rotatable pedal will be used in future bicycles. Such an accidental opportunity, due to Ernest's diligent thinking, promoted the development of bicycles.
Kinner, inventor of smallpox and vaccinia.
/kloc-before the 0/8th century, smallpox raged, killing more than 60 million Europeans.
However, an English country doctor named Kinner went to the farm factory in Gloucestershire from 65438 to 0796 today.
A small amount of vaccinia pustule fluid was extracted from Nami, a milkmaid infected with vaccinia, and injected into the arm of an 8-year-old boy, phipps.
Two months later, Kinner found that "vaccinia and smallpox pus are very similar, and boys are no longer infected with smallpox." 」
This is a groundbreaking move, but Kinner's painstaking efforts have aroused opposition from conservative medical and religious circles.
In the face of these almost unreasonable blind cajoling, Kinner faced it with a constant attitude.
At the same time, he ventured to write his own experimental experience into a monograph "Vaccinia Research", which was officially listed1798;
Immediately triggered a comprehensive and heated discussion storm. Every time the troublemaker asks unreasonable questions, Kinner takes his time to show his stubbornness and argue with the other side.
This is because he firmly believes that as long as he can save a life, personal honor or disgrace is nothing! Kinner insisted on not robbing the situation,
Not only was it praised by American President Jefferson as "because the most terrible disease in human history was eliminated, the name Jinna will live in human hearts forever." 」
The British government later posthumously awarded him the title and awarded him a research fee of 30,000 pounds.