1. Focus on the overall situation from the perspective of ecological civilization construction
The cause of haze is a comprehensive problem. Air pollutants come from all aspects of our economy, society, production and life. , is not a problem of a certain industry or a certain region, nor is it a purely professional or technical problem. From a national level, controlling smog is a complex systematic project that involves the entire population and all walks of life and requires comprehensive management.
Under the new situation that emphasizes scientific, green, and low-carbon development, to control smog and solve air pollution problems, we must change the current production methods, lifestyles, consumption methods, ways of thinking, and values, and establish We should respect the ecological civilization concept of respecting nature, complying with nature and protecting nature, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. We must follow the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, accelerate the reform of the ecological civilization system, implement strict source protection systems, damage compensation systems, and accountability systems for the ecological environment, improve the environmental governance and ecological restoration systems, and use systems to protect the ecological environment . Therefore, we must understand and control smog from the perspective of ecological civilization construction.
The fundamental way to control smog is to change energy development methods and adjust structures. On the one hand, we must focus on improving energy efficiency, encourage energy conservation, ensure rational energy use, control excessive energy use, and limit extensive energy use. We must make great determination to resolve overcapacity, accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading, give full play to the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation in the construction of ecological civilization, transform energy production and consumption patterns, and control the excessive growth of total energy consumption. On the other hand, we must fully understand that deepening reform is a powerful driving force for the scientific development of energy, respect market laws, accelerate exploration and innovation, and use reform and innovation to solve deep-seated contradictions and problems in energy development. It is necessary to strengthen the reform of the energy system and mechanism, straighten out the overall path of reform, identify the entry point and breakthrough point for reform, and seize the opportunity to advance the reform of the energy field. From the perspective of the energy industry, we should adhere to the "two-pronged approach". On the one hand, we should focus on energy conservation and consumption reduction, and air pollution control including smog. We should intensify our efforts to implement the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" promulgated by the State Council; on the other hand, we should focus on The construction of the ecological civilization system focuses on the overall situation and ensures the completion of various indicators for the construction of ecological civilization during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". By 2020, an ecological civilization that is suitable for building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way will be initially formed.
2. Establish a long-term mechanism
We must fully realize the difficulty of controlling smog. "Three feet of ice does not freeze in a day." Smog is accumulated over a long period of time. Getting rid of the smog is not a temporary effect, but more thorough control of the smog requires long-term and strategic investment. We must build a "lasting" "Fight", "Tough battle". Only by unswervingly carrying out comprehensive and deepening reforms, treating it from the source, and establishing a long-term mechanism to control haze can China's air pollution problems be fundamentally and completely solved. Otherwise, no matter how "immediately effective" the "temporary" measures are, in the long run, there is no guarantee that haze weather will not recur in the future. The author believes that the long-term mechanism to control smog should consider the following four aspects:
(1) Government departments should advocate green administration and abandon the traditional development thinking of GDP.
Establish the concept of promoting urbanization and industrialization as much as possible without destroying the original ecological environment, combine environmental governance with economic structural adjustment, combine it with innovation-driven development, and highlight heavy pollution Urban governance, energy structure adjustment, motor vehicle pollution reduction, governance of highly polluting industries and key enterprises, and pollution control during the winter heating period, etc., strive to find a way to control pollution to promote scientific development, transformation and upgrading, improvement of people's livelihood, environmental benefits, and economy A new way of "win-win" for efficiency and social benefits. At the same time, we must reform the assessment standards for leading cadres, strengthen the performance assessment of ecological civilization construction, and correct the erroneous performance views of some local and leading cadres. Government officials must no longer be promoted based on GDP created at the expense of the environment and people's health.
(2) Starting from a comprehensive and scientific top-level design, incorporate haze control into the scope of the rule of law, give full play to the normative and leading role of the rule of law, and create a fair legal environment.
Only by using the concept of the rule of law, the rule of law thinking, and the rule of law, can we gather social consciousness, form social synergy, seek the greatest common denominator and balance point between economic development and ecological environment protection, and establish and improve a sound system of government, scientific research institutions, enterprises, and society. A new mechanism for the prevention and control of air pollution, including smog, that involves the public participation is the real solution to the root cause. It is recommended that the "Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law" be revised as soon as possible, and the "Haze Prevention and Control Regulations" should be formulated and promulgated at the same time, and the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" should be thoroughly implemented.
(3) Straighten out the management system and improve supervision efficiency.
Strengthen the construction of clean utilization monitoring capabilities, form an independent environmental supervision, administrative law enforcement, environmental information disclosure, and social supervision system from top to bottom, strengthen the construction of systems related to environmental protection responsibilities, and eliminate the "local protectionism" that resists environmental protection. ". Relevant departments should promote the online sharing of automatic pollution source monitoring data, closely track the treatment situation, urge all local departments to implement target responsibilities, and clarify timetables and roadmaps. Strengthen law enforcement supervision of clean utilization and do a good job in monitoring the operation of key energy-consuming units, key pollution sources and treatment facilities. Improve market access standards for corporate pollutant emissions, increase penalties for corporate illegal pollutant discharges, etc., to solve the problem of low costs for corporate illegal discharges and high costs for law-abiding pollution control.
(4) A linkage mechanism across administrative regions must be established.
"Environmental governance issues in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other regions are not issues of a single administrative block, but of the entire region. A linkage mechanism across administrative regions must be established to track the generation of polluted air and process, comprehensively consider the planning and layout of high-energy-consuming and high-polluting enterprises, limit the scale and emissions of motor vehicles under the current highly concentrated population, and make plans for the construction of future cities (clusters), etc., and gradually adopt the economic structure Adjustment, industrial transformation and upgrading, improvement of energy efficiency, development of environmental protection enterprises and use of environmental protection equipment to control and reduce emissions of various pollutants
3. Accelerate the development of clean energy
my country. It has become the world's largest energy producer and consumer. In 2013, energy consumption was 3.76 billion tons of standard coal. It is foreseeable that energy demand will maintain a certain growth rate in the future. The adjustment and optimization of the energy structure is a long-term process. , cannot be achieved overnight. As the pillar industry of our country’s national economy, the energy industry plays an important role in the construction of our country’s ecological civilization and beautiful China. How to achieve the harmonious development of ecological civilization while ensuring the energy demand for economic and social development? Adjust the energy structure to promote green energy development
(1) Learn from international experience and adjust the energy structure dominated by coal
Relevant data shows that during periods of high haze incidence in developed countries, no An exception is the high proportion of coal in primary energy consumption; its experience in smog control also shows that effective haze control requires changing the coal-dominated energy structure as soon as possible and reducing the proportion of coal in primary energy consumption to a relatively low level. Level. my country's smog control must also start with adjusting the energy structure, gradually changing the energy structure dominated by coal, and reducing coal consumption.
However, for a long time, coal's status as the main energy source will remain. It is difficult to change and will continue to shoulder the important task of ensuring safe and stable energy supply.
1. From the perspective of energy security, my country’s energy resource endowment characteristics are rich in coal, poor in oil and low in gas. , which determines that coal’s status as the main energy source will be difficult to change in our country for a long time to come. In terms of resource reserves, coal resources are abundant. As of the end of 2012, the country’s identified resource reserves were 1.42 trillion tons, accounting for the total primary energy resources. The foreign dependence of oil and natural gas has reached 58.1 and 31.6 respectively in 2013. There must be a stable, reliable and economical energy resource to ensure national energy security.
2. In the past three years, coal has increased in demand. The proportion of my country's primary energy consumption decreased at a rate of about 1 per year, from 69 in 2011 to 65.7 in 2013.
From the perspective of non-fossil energy development, although great achievements have been made, there are still uncertainties in future supply capacity due to technical, economic, security and other factors, making it difficult to replace traditional fossil energy on a large scale in the short term. In order to achieve the "Two Centenary" strategic goals proposed in the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and ensure the development of the national economy, my country's energy demand will continue to increase. According to estimates, by 2020, my country's total energy demand will reach 5.2 billion tons of standard coal, and coal demand will be 4.7 billion tons, accounting for about 60%. Although the proportion of coal consumption in primary energy is declining year by year, in the long run, coal will still be my country's main energy source. It is currently difficult to judge when the peak of coal consumption will arrive. Coal will still bear the important task of ensuring the safe and stable supply of energy.
(2) Control total energy consumption and accelerate the development of clean energy
Although my country has been vigorously developing clean energy in recent years, by 2013 clean energy consumption accounted for 1% of primary energy consumption. The proportion is only 9.8, which is still 1.6 percentage points away from the planned target of 11.4 for the proportion of clean energy in 2015. In other words, this year and next year, the average annual increase must be 0.8 percentage points. By 2020, the two commitments made by our government to the international community will be achieved - non-fossil energy will account for about 15% of primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will be reduced by 40-45% compared with 2005. The task is still very arduous. Total energy consumption must be controlled and the development of clean energy must be accelerated.
(3) Hydropower and nuclear power should be the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy
In 2013, the country's installed power generation capacity reached 1.247 billion kilowatts, an increase of 9.25% over the previous year. The country's full-scale power generation reached 5,347.4 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 7.52% over the previous year. Among them, the installed capacity of hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power, and grid-connected solar power generation reached 280 million kilowatts, 14.61 million kilowatts, 75.48 million kilowatts, and 14.79 million kilowatts respectively, totaling 385 million kilowatts, accounting for 22.45%, 1.17%, and 1% of the national power generation installed capacity respectively. On 6.05 and 1.19, the proportion of clean energy power generation installed capacity reached 30.86; hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power, and grid-connected solar power generation reached 8963, 1121, 1401, and 8.7 billion kilowatt hours respectively, accounting for 16.76, 2.10, 2.62, and 2.62% of the national power generation respectively. 0.16, and clean energy power generation accounts for 21.64 of the national power generation. It can be seen from the above data that at the current stage, hydropower and nuclear power are clean energy sources that can play a supporting role in optimizing the energy structure and are the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy.
1. Accelerate the construction of southwest hydropower base. Our country is rich in hydropower resources and has the conditions for centralized large-scale development. It is a renewable green energy that supplies safe and cost-effective energy. The safety, economy and flexibility of replacing coal power are very high, and it needs to be placed in a strategic position of priority development. On the premise of strengthening ecological protection and doing a good job in resettlement of immigrants, it is necessary to speed up the approval and start of a number of large and medium-sized hydropower projects, improve hydropower-related policies and measures, and ensure the full utilization of water resources. Southwest my country is both an area rich in hydropower resources and an area with relatively backward economic and social development. Promoting the construction of southwest hydropower bases can not only provide clean and renewable energy for my country's economic and social development, but also promote rapid local economic and social development.
2. Promote the development and construction of coastal nuclear power and start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power is a high load factor, high power intensive energy source. At present, the power generation cost of nuclear power in my country is lower than the cost of coal power in load centers. It is an economically competitive alternative power source to coal power and has low emission characteristics, which is conducive to reducing environmental pollution. Efficiently developing nuclear power on the basis of ensuring safety plays a key role in ensuring my country's energy and power supply and achieving sustainable development. A number of nuclear power projects must be started as soon as possible. At the same time, nuclear power investment must be diversified. The state should encourage large power generation groups with strength and relevant experience to participate in the development of coastal nuclear power, cultivate their nuclear power development, construction and operation management capabilities and obtain nuclear power project development qualifications, so as to enable large power generation groups to have major or even Independently undertake nuclear power development, construction and operation management capabilities. Start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible.
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3. Actively develop wind power, solar power and other non-water renewable energy power generation and distributed energy systems. The development of non-water renewable energy must be actively promoted with full consideration of the power system's absorption capacity, electricity price affordability, and maintaining the international competitiveness of domestic industries. It is necessary to actively promote the development of renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar power generation and biomass power generation with relatively mature technologies and high development potential; accelerate the construction of distributed renewable energy power generation; improve the research and development capabilities of renewable energy technology and master the core technologies of equipment and operation. Gradually reduce the cost of power generation and improve the level of industrialization. Combining the layout of urban and rural natural gas pipelines to promote the development of distributed multiple cooling, heating and power generation and improve the efficiency of natural gas utilization; encourage the development of distributed energy systems such as small hydropower, small wind power generation, and solar energy utilization in areas with water resources, wind resources, or solar energy resources. development and accelerate the research and application of microgrid technology.
(4) Accelerate the construction of power grid
In order to promote the intensive development of large-scale energy bases and efficient utilization of clean energy, we must base on independent innovation, accelerate the construction of a strong main grid, and accelerate the construction of cross-border power grids. In regional power transmission channels, we will continue to increase investment, strengthen the construction and transformation of urban and rural distribution networks, promote the coordinated development of power grids of all voltage levels and primary and secondary systems, and continuously improve the resource allocation capabilities, safety and stability level and economic operation efficiency of the power grid. Rely on modern information, communication and control technology to improve the intelligence level of the power grid and adapt to the requirements of future sustainable development.
4. Further improve the cleanliness level of coal power
my country’s coal resource endowment characteristics determine that coal power has good supply security and economy. In the current total coal consumption Large and will increase in the future, the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the development of clean energy must be planned and promoted simultaneously in order to contribute to the construction of an energy ecological civilization with blue sky, green land and clean water.
(1) my country’s coal-fired power generation production situation
In 2013, my country’s coal-fired installed capacity reached 786.21 million kilowatts, an increase of 4.86% from 2012, accounting for 63.03% of the country’s installed power generation capacity. , the proportion decreased by 2.64 percentage points. Coal-fired power generation reached 3,947.4 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 6.70% from 2012, accounting for 73.82% of the national power generation, a decrease of 0.57 percentage points. At the same time, 4.47 million kilowatts of small coal-fired units were shut down in 2013, and the proportion of capacity of units with 300,000 kilowatts and above increased by 1 percentage point. The national standard coal consumption for power supply of coal-fired units of 6,000 kilowatts and above is 321 g/kWh, 4 g/kWh lower than in 2012. The above shows that coal power will still be the main power source in my country at present and for some time to come.
(2) The pollution control of my country’s coal-fired power plants has reached the world’s advanced level
According to preliminary statistical analysis, as of the end of 2013, the proportion of coal-fired power units with desulfurization capabilities accounted for Close to 100, the operational reliability level of desulfurization facilities has been further improved; nearly 200 million kilowatt units have completed flue gas denitrification transformation, the national denitrification unit investment capacity is close to 430 million kilowatts, and the coal power denitrification ratio is close to 55; coal power unit dust collectors have intensified the transformation, The application proportion of high-efficiency electric bag dust collectors and bag dust collectors has further increased.
Because these pollution control devices have played a huge role in reducing emissions, as power generation continues to grow and coal burning continues to increase, the total annual soot emissions from coal-fired power plants across the country have increased from 399 in 1980 to million tons, dropped to 1.51 million tons in 2012, soot emissions per kWh dropped from 16.5 grams in 1980 to 0.4 grams in 2012; sulfur dioxide emissions dropped from 13 million tons in 2005 to 8.83 million tons in 2012 tons, sulfur dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour dropped from 6.4 grams in 2005 to 2.26 grams in 2012; nitrogen oxide emissions per kilowatt-hour also dropped from 3.6 grams in 2005 to 2.4 grams in 2012.
In 2013, although coal power generation increased by approximately 6.7% year-on-year, the total emissions of soot, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the power industry are expected to decrease by approximately 6%, 7%, and 12% respectively, and the total emissions will be reduced to approximately 1.42 million tons, and 8.2 million tons respectively. 10,000 tons and 8.34 million tons, the corresponding pollutant emission performance per kilowatt-hour dropped by approximately 12, 13, and 18 respectively. At the same time, in the past 20 years, except for urban heating power plants, most pure power plants have been built in the western and northern regions of my country or in places with relatively small environmental impact. Of course, the space for coal-fired power plants to continue reducing emissions is also shrinking.
Since the revision of my country's new ambient air quality standards, a new round of power plant pollution control has been implemented under the smoke, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide emission standards and various environmental protection requirements aimed at reducing PM2.5 emissions. Technical transformation is underway. It is understood that in 2013, Zhejiang Energy Group took the lead in launching the "Ultra-low Flue Gas Emissions from Coal-Fired Units" project in the country, adopting the world's most advanced dust removal technology - wet electrostatic precipitator technology. After the implementation of the project, coal-fired units The unit’s emissions can meet the emission standards of natural gas units, which will significantly reduce the content of PM2.5 and other substances. From the above, due to the mature air pollutant emission control technology in the power generation industry, the intensity of pollutant emission per unit of coal burning is low, and the impact of coal-fired power plants on the environment continues to decrease.
In short, we must attach great importance to the clean and efficient use of coal power, and we must place equal importance on further promoting the clean and efficient use of coal power and developing clean energy power generation.
(3) Increasing the proportion of coal used in power generation is conducive to the prevention and control of air pollution in my country
Practice shows that the key to clean coal utilization is to increase the degree of concentrated utilization of coal and reduce its use in The proportion of terminal distributed utilization. Let coal be more concentrated in areas with obvious emission reduction advantages such as power generation, achieve centralized application and centralized management, and at the same time, reduce the dispersed use of coal at terminals as much as possible. In this way, the emission of atmospheric pollutants can be effectively reduced. This is an international trend. According to information from Zhejiang University, in 2012, coal consumption in my country's power industry accounted for 52.8% of total coal consumption. During the same period, the proportion of coal used in power generation in the United States and Germany was as high as 93.3 and 83.9 respectively. This shows that there is still a lot of room for improvement in the proportion of coal used in power generation in my country. Further increasing the proportion of coal used in my country's power generation will be more conducive to the prevention and control of air pollution in my country.
(4) Further improve the cleanliness level of coal-fired power generation from both the stock and incremental aspects
It is recommended that the government increase policy support and encourage power generation companies to Two aspects will further improve the cleanliness level of coal-fired power generation. In terms of stock, power generation companies should, like Zheneng Group, actively adopt the world's advanced technologies to upgrade operating units so that coal-fired units can meet the emission standards of natural gas units and significantly reduce pollutant emission levels. This is of great significance for my country to optimize the development of coal power under the conditions of low natural gas resources and high prices; in terms of incremental growth, it is necessary to optimize the layout of coal power, accelerate the integrated development of coal and power in coal bases in the west and north, and promote both coal and power transmission. . In areas where the heating load is implemented, priority will be given to the development of combined heat and power. Power generation companies should, like Huaneng Group, research and innovate clean power generation technologies in new projects, build large-capacity and high-parameter coal power units, integrated coal gasification combined cycle units, and circulating fluidized bed units to further reduce pollution emissions.
5. Pay attention to the emission reduction and management of non-electricity coal industries and bulk coal users
(1) Brief analysis of coal burning and pollution emissions
Related Research data shows that the proportion of coal burning in my country is roughly a little over 50% for power generation, about 25% for industrial kilns, and about 25% for small and medium-sized boilers. Emissions of smoke, dust and sulfur dioxide caused by coal burning account for about 70% of the country's total, emissions from industrial kilns account for about 25%, coal-fired power generation only accounts for about 15%, and the rest are mainly emissions from small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers. . In other words, the various pollutants emitted by small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers, which account for about 25% of coal consumption, account for more than 60% of all coal pollutant emissions. Therefore, in order to reduce coal consumption and reduce pollution, we must avoid the suspicion of "whipping fast cows" and pay close attention to emission reduction management in non-electricity coal industries and bulk coal users.
(2) Strengthen emission reduction control and transformation of the non-electricity coal industry
The national pollutant emission standards for the power generation industry are the most stringent and have achieved the most significant results. This provides pioneering experience for the formulation of pollutant emission standards for key coal-using industries such as steel, cement, and chemicals. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen emission reduction supervision of the non-electricity coal industry just like the power generation industry, and accelerate the construction of desulfurization, denitrification, and dust removal renovation projects. Implement desulfurization and denitrification of steel sintering flue gas, and install sulfur recovery devices in smelting facilities with high sulfur dioxide content in smelting flue gas in the non-ferrous metal industry. Significantly improve the hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency from coke oven waste gas in the coking industry. The cement industry must implement new dry process kilns to reduce nitrogen and denitrification, and implement flue gas desulfurization transformation. Existing dust removal facilities in coal-fired boilers and industrial kilns must be upgraded. Accelerate the use of high-efficiency, low-pollution pulverized coal boilers to replace existing low-efficiency, high-pollution small and medium-sized boilers.
(3) Strengthen emission reduction control and transformation of bulk coal users
my country’s population in need of heating in winter exceeds 700 million, of which at least 200 million live relatively dispersedly. China Energy Realistic conditions such as structural and economic development determine that coal-fired small and medium-sized boilers and some residential coal will exist for a long time. Because most small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers lack professional management, there are unscientific equipment and system designs, complex and unstable operation conditions, imperfect environmental protection facilities or lagging construction. In addition, coal-fired combustion is chaotic and changeable, government supervision is not in place, and the legal and regulatory system is inadequate. The problems of high pollution, low efficiency and potential safety hazards are very serious due to reasons such as health and safety. Therefore, controlling the emissions of various pollutants from small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers is a top priority.
It is recommended that the state conduct an in-depth investigation of bulk coal users, study the reasons for their existence, the cost of transformation and alternative methods; study and formulate policies to allow small and medium-sized enterprises and residents to use clean energy and natural gas as soon as possible, and replace coal with electricity. support policies and government measures to strengthen supervision.