Which country first invented the film?

Artist, father is an expert in carving badges, and mother is a teacher. In 1877, he improved Halner's Zou Mapan. Make a drum-shaped "telescope" with several mirrors. When this simple machine was gradually improved, Renault created his "ThéaAtreoptique" in 1888. Starting from 1892, he often exhibited the world's earliest cartoons at the Grove Wax Man Museum in Paris for nearly ten years. The displayed program consists of some pictures, and each picture can be displayed for about 10 to 15 minutes. In making these films, Renault used the main techniques of modern cartoons (for example, separating moving images from landscapes, drawing comic books on transparent paper, trick photography, circular motion, etc.). At the same time, Edison created a modern film with four groups of holes of 35 mm, which made the film reach the stage of near completion. The famous inventor began to realize the first large-scale power transmission after he succeeded in manufacturing incandescent lamps in industry. As a result, with the support of Morgan Bank, he finally established the World Electric Trust through the institution of "General Electric Company". 1887, Edison, who finished his last job, wanted to improve his phonograph by linking the photos of the activity (this kind of phonograph was made when he was studying the telephone in the past). After two or three fruitless experiments, he turned to Male's "continuous camera" method. Dixon, an Englishman who studied under the guidance of Edison, made some improvements in this respect, mainly drilling holes in the film and using 50-foot-long colloidal film specially made by Kodak Company. Edison refused to show his films publicly on the screen. He thinks this is tantamount to "killing the goose that lays the golden egg", because in his view, people will never be interested in silent movies. Because he failed in the research of talking movies, he couldn't show life-size characters, so at 1894, he decided to make his "movie mirror" public. This "movie mirror" is shaped like a big cash box with a magnifying glass, which can hold 50 feet of punched film. Soon, dozens of inventors all over the world want to show movies on the screen. To this end, they have to solve a simple problem in theory, that is, to use old-fashioned mechanical parts (such as wheat ear cross wheel, eccentric disc, transmission wheel, etc.). ) Let the film move in the slide show. During the screening, they either use the copies of Edison's films bought in the market or use them to imitate Marley's "continuous camera" to shoot Edison-type films. In this invention competition, the winner must be the person who has succeeded in public ticket sales and screening. Because since 1888, screening in the laboratory or unproductive public screening has been held many times. 1895, the screening of early films was very popular. There is often no connection between the projectionists, which caused great controversy on the later film invention. In the United States, where "Mirror of the Movie" was first released, the first screenings were: Akme Le Loe, Eugè ne Lauste (both of them started to be shown separately in public in February this year, but did not attract the attention of the audience), Dixon and latham (the film was shown in new york for a period of time in May of the same year, but it was stopped because it was not popular with the audience). Soon after, there were also the screenings of Anzuz in Germany (several separate screenings were held in Berlin in June+1October, 5438) and the screenings of Max Skansky (many screenings were held in a large amusement park in June+1October, 5438. Although the quality of the films screened was not good, they were short, but they could last for several weeks). But all these screenings can't compare with the success of Lumiere's "movie machine". The screening will be held from February 28th 1895 to 65438+ at the "Grand Cafe" on Gabbana Road in Paris. Louis Lumiere and his father and brother used to run a big factory in Lyon to make photographic equipment. When Edison's "movie mirror" was just imported into France (1894), he had already started the research work on the movie machine. In his experiments, he once made a "continuous camera" with Humber Luo Ou eccentric wheel and Edison film made in Lyon. After many public performances from1March 6, 938 to1March 8, 995, Lumiere asked the factory run by Cabin Tell to make his "film machine", a machine that is both a camera and a projector and printer. In this way, he finally invented a machine that surpassed all other competitors. The perfection of this machine technology and the novelty of the theme of the film it made made Lumiere win the world victory. Dozens of photographers trained in Lumiere try their best to promote this machine all over the world. As a result, the term "moving movie machine" and its derived terms such as Cinéma, Ciné, Kino spread to most parts of the earth and became a term representing this new thing. The czar of Russia, the king of Britain, the royal family of Austria, and the heads of other countries all want to see this new machine and promote it. The "Movable Film Machine" was first performed in the United States, not long after Edison's "Vitacopes" was released, but the success of the French machine far surpassed that made by Edison. But half a year later, this success met with competition from Biograph in the United States and Europe. Biograph was designed by Lauste and Dixon and operated by a big chaebol company run by President McKinley's brother. In Britain, william paul's first performances were second only to Lumiere's, but later he became a film machine manufacturer and then a film director. In France, May Li Ai used william paul's film machine at first, and Leon Gomon once sold the "Duminil continuous projector"; Charles, EMI asked Henry Jolly to make the original film machine. By the end of 1896, the film had completely left the experimental stage and met the audience. There are more than 100 kinds of film machines with patent rights. Lumiere, May Li Ai, EMI, Gomon, Edison and Bevograf in the United States, and william paul in London all laid a foundation in film enterprises. Every night, thousands of viewers crowded into the dark cinema. Above, we briefly described the process of the invention of the film machine, because the main purpose of this book is to describe the history of an art, that is, the history of film art. We should first study moving images, because they are the earliest ancestors of movies, just like the initial pronunciation of a new language. 1825 invented the "magic disc". Its earliest shape was a cardboard disc with a bird on one side and a birdcage on the other. When the disc rotates, the bird seems to be locked in the cage. In fact, there is nothing moving here, just using overlapping impressions to make people look reasonable. Its theme is also very simple. This kind of toy used to be all the rage, and people printed simple themes into beautiful color lithographs. Thus, in the markets of London, Paris and Vienna, there appeared "magic CDs" with such themes: jockey and his horse, beheaded person, a couple in a family, two parts of a sentence, dancer and her partner, hunter and his prey, etc. Such themes will be combined into a picture after being rotated. Stanford, a professor of geometry in Vienna, discovered the colored fan image produced by Newton's disk from Faraday wheel. The Austrian professor first made some rose-shaped, gear-shaped and various round objects move in his stroboscope. This invention can be said to be the initial germination of science education films. Later, Stan Puffr and Prato were engaged in the research on the activities of envoys in Vienna and Liè ge respectively. They let people move on a solid surface, thus giving people a sense of relief, which was a few years before the invention of the "Stéréoscope". Prato asked his friend Madu to draw the first picture, which shows a follower spinning with his heels like a bard. One of the pictures drawn by Stan Puffr is a somersault artist. When toy manufacturers' interest in the initial technological development disappeared, the choice of theme became their concern. The development scope of this kind of toy is limited. As long as you can make the picture move simply, at best, you only need to rotate circularly as the cartoonist said today. Some common themes at that time