/kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, China Sheng was introduced to Europe, and then some accordion precursor instruments began to appear in Europe, but most of them failed to take shape and were eliminated. The truly hand-pulled organ was created by Friedrdch Buschman (1805- 1864) in 1822, and then (,o) based on the Buschman piano, all kinds of predecessor instruments of the accordion were assembled at that time, and the name accordion is still used in Europe and America today.
There are many kinds and specifications of accordions, which can be roughly divided into four categories in structure and form, namely, diatonic accordion, chromatic accordion, button accordion and keyboard accordion.
The structure of the diatonic accordion is very simple, which is equivalent to adding bellows to the harmonica; There are more than a dozen keys in the right hand part for playing music, and two chord keys in the left hand part as accompaniment; On the same button, push and pull the bellows to make two different sounds (similar to the pronunciation of harmonica); There is no strap on the piano, and it is completely supported by both hands; The biggest disadvantage of the diatonic accordion is that it can't be tuned. If it is tuned, it needs to be played on another piano.
The chromatic accordion first brings convenience to tuning; The number of left and right keys has increased, and the push-pull bellows of this piano have different pronunciation heights, so this piano has a wide range; The chromatic accordion has no suspenders, and it is still played with both hands.
Button accordion (also known as new chromatic accordion) is equipped with straps, which is a great liberation for both hands; In addition, the pronunciation of push-pull bellows is highly consistent, which makes the transformation and application of bellows gain great freedom; The number of buttons in the left hand part of the button accordion is greatly increased, and the arrangement is quite scientific, so it has been used ever since.
The keyboard accordion appeared in the 1960s.
From then on, accordions were divided into two categories: key type and keyboard type, which developed in parallel. The structure of the left-hand part of the keyboard accordion is exactly the same as that of the button accordion, except that the buttons in the right-hand part are changed into piano keyboards. Perhaps because of the piano, this improvement has made the accordion, a European folk musical instrument, the most widely popularized all over the world.
Through the above-mentioned changes of accordion structure types, we can roughly see several main stages of accordion development. At present, the button accordion is mainly popular in the Soviet Union and some countries in northern Europe, and the keyboard accordion is the most popular in other countries and regions.
Since the birth of accordion, the manufacturing technology, playing skills and professional music creation of accordion have made revolutionary development. Nowadays, the advanced accordion with 185 bass produced by the Dutch Piano Factory in West Germany has become a treasure that the international accordion industry is amazed and fascinated by. Modern accordion can not only be used as accompaniment, solo, ensemble and concerto, but also can play the original works of large-scale music by classical musicians alone. With the continuous improvement of accordion level and the rapid development of performance skills, professional accordion music creation has attracted the attention of many composers, and more and more works have been created specifically for accordion. In short, in more than one hundred years, the accordion has developed from the initial embryonic form to such a perfect and exquisite musical instrument, and the development speed is quite amazing, which is also rare in the history of musical instrument development.
The accordion is one of the most popular musical instruments in the world. At present, accordion plays an extremely important role not only in the field of professional music, but also in the cultural life of mass music. As early as 193 1 year, Germany established an accordion school in Trosingen. 1948, the school was further changed to National Accordion College. In Britain, accordion is regarded as an indispensable tool to develop music education. 1936, the British Society of Accordion Players was founded, which made an important contribution to the development of British music and made Britain one of the countries with the most prosperous accordion music creation and the richest literature. Now international music organizations have established the International Accordion Association, and often hold international accordion competitions. Some famous western music schools have set up accordion departments, and some ordinary universities have also set up accordion majors.
In the world accordion history, the development of Soviet accordion art is noteworthy. As we all know, the accordion has long been a veritable Russian national musical instrument in the Soviet Union. As early as the middle of last century, shortly after the birth of accordion, this new musical instrument spread to ancient Russia. Russians' love for this imperfect instrument is expressed in a special way, and they set off a wave of improvement and transformation of the accordion. For a time, all kinds of accordions, such as Italian accordion, German accordion, multi-modal accordion, double-row accordion, improved accordion and so on, appeared all over Russia at the same time. These seemingly fanatical behaviors today are probably the important reasons why accordion can become a typical Russian national musical instrument. Now the Soviet Union can produce tenor, tenor, tenor, bass and double bass for accordion bands, as well as accordions for orchestras, as well as accordions with special timbres such as bassoon, tuba, bass tuba, horn, trumpet and clarinet. The range of the largest button accordion produced by the modern Soviet Union, from the big character E 1 to the small character f 4, covers all 77 semitones, exceeding 6 octaves, which is also one of the few in the musical instrument kingdom in the world today.
The prosperity and development of Russian accordion performance art rooted in Russian national music has also had a positive impact on accordion professional music creation. Great composers Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky and prokofiev both used accordions in large orchestras. Nicholas? Chai Jin's sonata for accordion and accordion concerto accompanied by orchestra have attracted the attention of the international accordion circle. At present, the Soviet accordion circle is making unremitting efforts to win a fixed seat for the accordion in the orchestra.
After the founding of New China, accordion art began to rise and develop in China. From the early 1950s to the early 1970s, accordion experienced a long period of enlightenment in China, taking a unique route from the army to the local, from the factory to the school, and from the city to the countryside, which was widely popularized among Chinese people. At the same time, all kinds of normal colleges and some music and art colleges have gradually opened compulsory courses, elective courses and professional courses for accordion. By the end of 1970s, accordion education and performance art in China had made great progress. The academic exchange of accordion at home and abroad is increasing, and the professional accordion playing team and teaching team are growing. In particular, 198 1 the establishment of the Beijing accordion professional group of the Chinese Music Association, 1983 the convening of the national accordion academic conference of music and art colleges, 1984 the establishment of the national accordion society of normal universities, and 1989 the establishment of the national accordion society marked the entry of China accordion performing arts.
With the prosperity of accordion art, China's accordion manufacturing technology has made great progress from scratch. Three accordion factories in Tianjin, Shanghai and Yingkou have become important accordion production bases in China. Among them, Tianjin Accordion Factory and Shanghai Accordion Factory have successfully developed free bass advanced performance accordions with contemporary international advanced level, and won national gold and silver awards respectively.
However, compared with western countries, our accordion art is still too young, and compared with the advanced level in the world, we still have a certain gap. Our basic theoretical research on accordion is still blank, and professional accordion music creation has just started. The teaching system of accordion major in higher education has not yet formed, so it is an urgent problem to build a complete and systematic teaching material.
We believe that with the continuous cooperative efforts of accordion professionals and enthusiasts in China, the accordion art with China national style will be more fragrant and gorgeous in our socialist garden, and the accordion will play a full role in developing China's music industry, carrying out mass cultural and recreational activities and strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.