Sewage treatment plant is a place where sewage (wastewater) discharged from pollution sources must be treated manually when the total amount or concentration of pollutants is high and can not meet the requirements of discharge standards or environmental capacity, thus reducing the quality and functional objectives of water environment. Generally, it is divided into urban centralized sewage treatment plants and decentralized sewage treatment plants, and all kinds of pollution sources are discharged into water bodies or urban pipelines after treatment. Sometimes, in order to recycle wastewater resources, when it is necessary to improve the quality of treated effluent, it is necessary to build sewage reuse or circulating sewage treatment plants. The treatment process of the treatment plant consists of various commonly used or special water treatment methods, including various physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods, which require advanced technology, economy and rationality and minimum cost. The design must implement the current national construction guidelines and policies. Therefore, from the perspective of treatment depth, sewage treatment plants may be primary, secondary, tertiary or advanced treatment. The design of the sewage treatment plant includes the plane and elevation design of various structures, ancillary buildings and pipelines, as well as the design of roads, greening, pipeline integration, water supply and drainage in the plant area, sludge disposal and management automation of the treatment system, so as to ensure that the sewage treatment plant meets the requirements of stable treatment effect, convenient operation and management, advanced technology and low investment and operation cost.
Edit the debugging management of this paragraph.
Sewage treatment plant
The trial operation of sewage treatment project is different from that of general building water supply and drainage project or municipal water supply and drainage project. The former includes the start-up and debugging of complex biochemical reaction process, which is slow, time-consuming and strongly influenced by environmental conditions and water quality and quantity, while the latter only needs the normal operation of systems and equipment. The trial operation of sewage treatment project is the most important link of sewage treatment project, and it is also an important link of project acceptance. Through trial operation, the quality of civil engineering, equipment and installation engineering can be further tested, which is the basis for ensuring high efficiency and energy saving during normal operation and further realizing the environmental, social and economic benefits of sewage treatment engineering. The trial operation of sewage treatment project should not only test the quality of the project, but also test whether the project can achieve the designed treatment effect. The contents and requirements of the trial operation of countless treatment projects are as follows. (1) Check the quality of civil engineering, equipment and installation projects through trial operation, establish relevant equipment files, and make suggestions on the design rationality and operation precautions of relevant machinery, equipment and instruments. (2) Run some general or special equipment with load and test its performance. Such as the lifting flow and head of water pump, air volume, pressure, temperature, noise and vibration of blower, etc. , aeration capacity or oxygen utilization rate of aeration equipment, operation stability of mud scraping (discharging) machinery, effect of protective device and mud scraping (discharging) effect. (3) The trial operation of a single treatment structure is required to achieve the designed treatment effect, especially for the project with biological treatment method, microbial sludge should be cultivated (domesticated), and the best operation process parameters should be found on the basis of achieving the treatment effect. (4) On the basis of trial operation of individual facilities, the joint operation and acceptance of the whole project will be carried out. Ensure that the sewage treatment reaches the discharge standard.
Edit this paragraph of operation management.
Sewage treatment plant
The operation and management of urban sewage plant, like the operation and management of other industries, is the general name for planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating the activities of the doctor's field. It is a part of various management activities of enterprises (such as administrative management, technical management, equipment management and "three industries" management) and the most important part of all business activities of enterprises. The operation management of urban sewage plant refers to the whole process management from accepting raw sewage to purifying and discharging "up to standard" sewage. 1.3 Basic requirements for operation and management of sewage treatment The basic requirements for operation and management of urban sewage treatment plants are: sewage treatment plants.
(1) Production on demand must first meet the basic requirements of urban and water environment for the operation of sewage plants, ensure the dry treatment capacity, and make the treated sewage meet the standards. (2) Economic production can treat sewage at the lowest cost to make it "up to standard". (3) Civilized production requires operators with brand-new quality to do a good job in production and operation safely in an advanced and civilized way. Water quality management The water quality management of sewage treatment plants (stations) is the core and purpose of all work and an important factor to ensure "reaching the standard". The water quality management system should include: the responsibility system of water quality management institutions at all levels, and the "three-level" (referring to environmental monitoring departments, head offices and sewage stations) inspection system, but who knows the discharge standards and water quality inspection system, water quality control and cleaner production system, etc.
Edit the operator's responsibilities and management in this section.
Sewage treatment plant
The task of the operation and management personnel of sewage treatment plant is to give full play to the advantages of various treatment methods, carry out scientific management according to the design requirements, make full use of the flexibility of various processes, make appropriate adjustments when the water quality and environmental conditions change, find and solve abnormal problems in time, and make the treatment system complete purification treatment with high efficiency and low consumption, thus achieving ideal environmental, economic and social benefits. (1) Grasp your own business. Sewage sludge treatment depends on the principles of physics, chemistry and biology, uses large structures, machinery, equipment and automatic control devices, and also involves various detection means, which requires all operators and managers to have higher requirements in physics, chemistry, microbiology and electromechanical knowledge besides having certain academic qualifications. (II) Abide by rules and regulations In order to ensure the stable operation of the sewage treatment plant, in addition to operational knowledge and ability, there should also be a series of rules and regulations to be observed. In addition to the post responsibility system, it also includes: facility inspection system, equipment maintenance system, handover system, safe operation system, etc.
Edit the development of sewage treatment industry in this section.
Sewage treatment plant
Although 70.8% of the earth is covered by water, the fresh water resources are extremely limited. What humans can really use is a part of rivers, lakes and groundwater, which accounts for only 0.26% of the total water volume of the earth and is unevenly distributed. After 1950s, the global population grew rapidly and the industry developed rapidly. The global water resources situation is deteriorating rapidly, and the "water crisis" is getting worse. On the one hand, human demand for water resources is expanding at an alarming rate; On the other hand, the increasingly serious water pollution consumes a lot of water resources available for consumption. Around the world, about 200 tons of garbage are dumped into rivers, lakes and streams every day, and every liter of wastewater will pollute 8 liters of fresh water; All the rivers flowing through Asian cities are polluted; 40% of the water resources basins in the United States are polluted by processed food waste, metals, fertilizers and pesticides; Only five of the 55 rivers in Europe have poor water quality. In the 20th century, the world population tripled, while human water consumption increased fivefold. Many countries in the world are facing water crisis: 65.438+0.2 billion people lack water and 3 billion people lack water sanitation facilities. China's per capita water resources are small and the spatial distribution is uneven. With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization in China, the demand gap of water resources is getting bigger and bigger. In this context, the sewage treatment industry has become a new industry, which is currently in the same important position as the tap water production, water supply, drainage and reclaimed water reuse industries. Although the government and governments at all levels pay more attention to environmental protection, China's sewage treatment industry has developed rapidly, the total amount of sewage treatment has increased year by year, and the urban sewage treatment rate has been continuously improved. However, the sewage treatment industry in China is still in the initial stage of development. On the one hand, China's current sewage treatment capacity cannot keep up with the rapid expansion of water consumption, and the construction of supporting facilities such as pipe network and sludge treatment is seriously lagging behind. On the other hand, compared with developed countries, there is still a significant gap in sewage treatment rate in China, and the load rate of treatment facilities is low. Therefore, China should improve the policies and regulations of sewage treatment, establish a supervision system, establish a reasonable sewage treatment charging system, cultivate the development of domestic environmental protection industry, and promote the industrialization and marketization of sewage treatment industry. Sewage treatment industry is a sunrise industry with a very broad development prospect. China will invest 300 billion yuan to promote the treatment and utilization of urban sewage during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, and China's sewage treatment industry will usher in a period of rapid development.
Edit the properties of this paragraph.
In China, the early sewage treatment plants were all prepared by public institutions and were under the jurisdiction of municipal departments. The urban management department is responsible for their construction and operation, and the environmental protection department is only responsible for the qualification inspection of effluent from sewage treatment plants. However, in recent ten years, the marketization of sewage treatment in China has made great progress. The introduction of international advanced models such as BOT and TOT into China has played a positive role in accelerating the construction of sewage treatment plants and improving the water environment in China. Most of the original sewage treatment plants have also undergone enterprise restructuring, which leads to the complexity of sewage treatment plants in China, including public institutions, state-owned enterprises and foreign-funded and private enterprises.
Edit the site selection for this section.
The site selection of sewage treatment plants is an integral part of the overall planning of cities and industrial areas. The site selection is closely related to the layout of drainage pipes in cities and industrial areas and the outlet of treated sewage. In-depth investigation and technical and economic comparison should be carried out, and the following principles should be considered: 1, and the site must be located downstream of the water supply source; If the town, industrial area and living area are located near the river, the site must be located downstream, downwind of the main wind direction in summer, and keep a certain distance from the town, industrial area, living area and rural residential area, but not too far, so as not to increase the pipeline length. 2. The site should be as close as possible to the main destination of treated wastewater (such as irrigated farmland) or the receiving water body. 3. Make full use of the terrain, select areas with appropriate slopes, meet the needs of the vertical layout of sewage treatment structures and equipment, and save energy and electricity. 4. Take up and not take up cultivated land as little as possible, and consider the possibility of development.
Edit the processing technology in this section.
The selection of treatment technology, treatment structures and equipment is an important link in the design of sewage treatment plant. The main basis for determining the sewage treatment process is the degree of sewage treatment, which depends on the destination of treated effluent. If the treated effluent is discharged into the water body, the degree of sewage treatment should make full use of the self-purification ability of the water body and prevent the water body from being polluted. It is not economical to adopt advanced treatment method without considering the self-purification ability of water body, but it is also not suitable to exhaust the self-purification ability of water body, so we should leave room. If the treated sewage is used to irrigate farmland, the sewage quality should meet the required standards. If the treated effluent is reused in industrial enterprises or urban construction, two situations should be considered: direct reuse; Do some supplementary treatment before recycling. The main goal of general sewage treatment plants is to remove BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) substances. In large sewage treatment plants, primary sewage treatment centered on sedimentation and secondary sewage treatment centered on biological treatment are often adopted. Sometimes, in order to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and other substances, after biological treatment, the sewage is treated by tertiary treatment. The sludge produced by the primary sedimentation tank is the product of sewage treatment and is treated by the sludge treatment system. Sludge treatment system is a part of sewage treatment plant, and sludge is treated by aerobic digestion and anaerobic digestion (see sludge digestion). Aerobic digestion is mostly used in small sewage treatment plants with a population of less than 50 thousand; Anaerobic digestion is widely used in large and medium-sized sewage treatment plants. The procedures of sludge treatment include: sludge concentration, sludge anaerobic digestion, sludge drying and incineration. The determination of industrial wastewater treatment process is complicated, and various factors should be considered comprehensively, such as the main objects to be removed, the requirements for the quality of treated effluent, the change of wastewater quantity and quality, etc. The treatment units that can be used for various pollutants are as follows: the order of treatment process is simple first and then complex; Consider removing objects, first remove suspended pollutants, and then remove colloidal substances and soluble substances.
Edit this paragraph processing system
The SPR sewage treatment system of sewage treatment plant first separates the dissolved pollutants from the real solution state by chemical methods to form colloidal particles or tiny suspended particles with solid-phase interfaces; Select efficient and economical adsorbents to separate organic pollutants and chromaticity in sewage; Then all kinds of colloidal particles and suspended particles in sewage are condensed into large and dense flocs by microscopic physical adsorption; Then, relying on the principles of fluid mechanics such as cyclone and filtration hydraulics, the floc and water can be quickly separated in the self-designed SPR high turbidity sewage purifier. After the clean water is filtered by the self-formed dense suspended mud layer in the tank, it reaches the tertiary treatment level and the effluent is reused; Sludge is highly concentrated in the concentration chamber and discharged under pressure at regular intervals. Because of its low moisture content and good dewatering performance, sludge can be directly sent to a mechanical dewatering device, and the dewatered mud cake can also be used to make sidewalk tiles, thus avoiding secondary pollution. The remarkable technical characteristics of SPR sewage treatment system are: 1, and the mixing of municipal sewage and treatment chemicals is mainly completed under the joint action of the drug suction pipeline in front of the pump, the impeller of the sewage pump, the serpentine reaction tube and the ceramic ball reaction tank. According to the design of turbulent velocity, mixing time and hydraulic structure data, the mixture can be fully mixed, which creates a prerequisite for obtaining the best coagulation purification effect and saving chemicals to the greatest extent. This is impossible for conventional hydraulic structures with primary treatment and secondary treatment in the past. 2. When the 2.SPR system is used to treat urban sewage, more than five kinds of sewage treatment agents and their best formula are used in combination, and the organic pollutants, heavy metal ions and harmful salts dissolved in sewage are separated from the water through chemical reactions and become tiny particles with solid interfaces (it includes the function of tertiary treatment of sewage). Among them, an adsorbent with good adsorption effect and low price was selected to adsorb organic pollutants and chromaticity. Disinfectant can kill bacteria and Escherichia coli within 30 minutes. Suspended solids and various impurities condense into large and dense flocs through physical and chemical adsorption of coagulation. In this way, the way of using drugs to exert their independent functions and the cross-linking between them are different from the conventional physical and chemical methods. Moreover, the combined medicament formula used in the SPR system can only play a full role in the SPR sewage purifier and its system with very fine hydrodynamic parameters design, but it can not be used in the conventional hydraulic system.
Editing this paragraph processing technology
Today, with the full exploitation of natural fresh water resources and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, water shortage has posed a very serious threat to the economy and citizens' life in many cities around the world. The water shortage crisis has become a reality we are facing. The important way to solve the problem of urban water shortage should be to convert urban sewage into urban water supply source. Urban sewage is available nearby, stable in source and easy to collect, and it is a reliable and stable water supply source. After purification, urban sewage can be mainly used as municipal greening, landscape water and industrial water for reuse. Urban sewage recycling project includes sewage collection system, sewage purification treatment technology and its system, sewage transmission and distribution system, reuse water application technology and monitoring system. Among them, the sewage purification and regeneration technology and its system are the key, the sewage purification and treatment process should be simple and reliable, the investment and operation costs should be affordable for the city's economic strength, and the treated effluent quality should meet the reuse requirements. The traditional "primary treatment" and "secondary treatment" water treatment technologies and equipment used for many years have been difficult to meet the purification requirements of high turbidity and high concentration sewage, and the treated effluent can not meet the water quality requirements of urban reclaimed water reuse. Along the traditional process route, we can only further increase the traditional "three-stage treatment" equipment system, which can neither avoid the huge and complex traditional two-stage biochemical treatment system nor avoid the traditional three-stage filtration and adsorption treatment system with very expensive investment and operation costs. These are precisely the taboos to realize sewage reuse. Therefore, the environmental protection market urgently needs new sewage treatment technology and equipment with higher purification efficiency. The treated effluent can meet the existing environmental protection standards and can be reused in cities, and the investment and operating costs should be acceptable to the economic strength of existing cities.
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The newly invented "SPR high turbidity sewage purification system" (American invention patent) in the sewage treatment plant combines the procedures of "primary treatment" and "tertiary treatment" into a water tank of the SPR sewage purifier, which can be completed quickly in 30 minutes. It is allowed to directly inhale high-turbidity sewage with suspended matter (turbidity) as high as 500 mg/L to 5000 mg/L, and the suspended matter (turbidity) of treated effluent is lower than 3 mg/L (degree); It is allowed to directly inhale high-concentration organic sewage with CODcr of 200mg/L ~ 800mg/L, and the CODcr of the treated effluent can be reduced to less than 40 mg/L. Only with the engineering investment equivalent to that of conventional primary and secondary sewage treatment plants and the operating cost lower than that of conventional secondary treatment, the effect of tertiary treatment level can be achieved, and the regeneration and reuse of urban sewage can be realized. The SPR sewage treatment system firstly separates the dissolved pollutants from the real solution by chemical methods to form colloidal particles or tiny suspended particles with solid interfaces; Select efficient and economical adsorbents to separate organic pollutants and chromaticity in sewage; Then all kinds of colloidal particles and suspended particles in sewage are condensed into large and dense flocs by microscopic physical adsorption; Then, relying on the principles of fluid mechanics such as cyclone and filtration hydraulics, the floc and water can be quickly separated in the self-designed SPR high turbidity sewage purifier. After the clean water is filtered by the self-formed dense suspended mud layer in the tank, it reaches the tertiary treatment level and the effluent is reused; Sludge is highly concentrated in the concentration chamber and discharged under pressure at regular intervals. Because of its low moisture content and good dewatering performance, sludge can be directly sent to a mechanical dewatering device, and the dewatered mud cake can also be used to make sidewalk tiles, thus avoiding secondary pollution. The newly invented SPR sewage purification technology has the advantages of simple and reliable process, low investment and operation cost, less land occupation and good purification effect, which will open up a new way for the reuse of urban sewage in the world today. After the reuse of urban sewage, it provides the second fresh water source for the city, which is an indispensable condition for the sustainable development of the city, and its economic and social benefits are immeasurable.