The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China. It was originally called poetry. Because of the collection of 305 works, it is also called "300 Poems". These works included in The Book of Songs can be sung together at that time, which is equivalent to our lyrics today. The creation time of these poems began from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, from the 0 th century BC to the 6 th century BC. These poems were written in Qilu in the east, Weishan in the west, Yanji in the north and Jianghan in the south, including today's five provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong and Shaanxi, as well as Hubei and northern Anhui. How did you collect so many poems in such a long time and on such a large scale? This is due to the attention paid to poetry and the establishment of the collection and confession system in the Zhou Dynasty. "History of Food in Hanshu" said: "In the month of Meng Chun, the group will disperse, and pedestrians shake Muduo to collect poems on the road and offer a master, which is more famous than temperament. Therefore, the Japanese king knows the world without looking at the households. " Royal officials and doctors also have the obligation to offer poems. "Zhao Gong's admonition" in Mandarin: "Therefore, the emperor listened to politics and made officials and ministers dedicate poems to the company." According to the system of the Zhou Dynasty, "rites and music are conquered by the monarch" (The Analects of Confucius, Ji's), governors of various countries are not allowed to make rites and music without authorization, and the poems and songs used in the courts of vassal countries naturally have to be reported to the court. This is also a channel for Yueguan to compile poems. All the poems have been collected, and special musicians have to process and sort them out. Why did Zhou court take the trouble to collect and sort out these poems? It is useful to collect and sort out these poems: first of all, they are political reference books for observing customs and verifying gains and losses in the Zhou Dynasty. Listening to these poems and songs from various channels, Zhou Wang knows what local conditions and customs are, what people are thinking, and what is lacking in politics, so as to strive to improve his works; Secondly, it is a textbook of Chinese studies stipulated by the Zhou Dynasty. At that time, education was the patent of the aristocratic class. There are four courses for aristocratic children to go to school, namely, poetry, books, etiquette and music. The teacher who teaches poetry is Da Lesi's teacher. A teacher should teach these aristocratic children to sing and recite this poem with proper rhythm, and also teach them to express their meaning euphemistically by taking the sentences in the poem as examples. In this way, poetry became the basis of communication, and even became the diplomatic language of euphemistic greetings when envoys went to all directions. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed and the music officials dispersed. Poems, books, rituals, music and other court classics also flowed into society and folk with music officials. Confucius was the most popular private school teacher in the pre-Qin period. Confucius taught poetry, attaching importance to the social function and educational function of poetry and the peaceful state of mind between China and Britain, and emphasizing the development of poetry cultivation charm.
The author's biography of The Book of Songs is the result of collective creation. Its authors are princes and nobles, civilians and slaves. Most of the poems can't know the author's name, but only three kinds of seven people can know the author's name: one kind is written in the poem, including my father, Mencius and Daya Xiang Bo, the authors of Xiaoya Jienan Mountain. The other is the commentator's theory in Qin and Han Dynasties, including Shi Ke, the author of Four Truffles. There is also a kind of legend in the pre-Qin history, such as Rui, the author of Daya Sang Rou, the author of five articles of Ode to Shang, and Madam, a patriotic poetess who is courageous, dare to think and do things, and strive for national salvation.
Introduction 1. Classification of The Book of Songs According to different music, The Book of Songs can be divided into three categories: style, elegance and vulgarity, and fu. Wind refers to folk songs with local colors. There are fifteen national styles, including, Yi, Yong, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao, Yi and * * * poems 160; The specific meanings of Nan Zhou and Zhao Nan are controversial. Most scholars believe that folk songs originated in the south, including Linru and Nanyang in Henan, Xiangyang, Yichang and Jiangling in Hubei. Elegance is divided into elegance and indecency. Zhou people regarded the melodic songs of Haojiang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty, as positive elegant music, and the poems sung in this tone were "elegant music". Most scholars think that the difference between size and elegance lies in the elegance of old songs. After a long time, the tone becomes a new song, which is called Xiaoya. Two elegant * * * 111 poems, six famous poems are also in elegant, actually 105 poems. According to the country, the songs of offering sacrifices to the shrine are divided into Zhou Fu, Lu Fu and Shang Fu. Three ode * * * forty articles. Second, the content of The Book of Songs Some poems in The Book of Songs were written by ordinary people, while others were written by noble literati. They have different styles and different contents. 1. The essence of the folk poem The Book of Songs is the national style and Xiaoya's folk poems. These poems are sung orally by ordinary people, and their contents are closely related to people's lives, with a healthy tone and simple style. There are songs about the suffering of serfs here, such as Qi Feng in July, Feng Wei's Remarks on Shu, Feng Wei's Altar, Tang Fengyu and so on. July is the longest poem in "National Style", with 8 chapters, 88 sentences and 380 words. This paper describes the hard work process of farmers for one year and their living conditions. "On the third and fourth day, stand on tiptoe" means to farm, "Women carry baskets, follow them, and seek soft mulberry" means to pick mulberry and raise silkworms, "August is full of merit, and Xuan is full of yellow." I, Zhu Kongyang, dress for childe "This refers to weaving and dyeing silk to make clothes for childe. Besides these things, farmers have to make wine, hunt, cut ice and build palaces. After a hard year, most of the work was done for the nobles. Finally, they have no clothes to wear, and they have no brown clothes to wear. They have to eat hard, burn wood and live in a simple house. Poetry is like a farmer telling his family story, which is a natural revelation of rural life experience and vividly describes the suffering life of farmers in the Western Zhou Dynasty. These folk songs also include sad or generous military songs. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, internal rebellion was serious; In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, foreign invasions were frequent; During the Spring and Autumn Period, the princes fought for hegemony and wars broke out from time to time. A large number of serfs were forced to fight as soldiers, and poems reflecting the theme of war came into being. Most of these poems express war-weariness and homesickness. "Dongshan" said: "I am in Dongshan, and my hat is not coming back. I come from the east, where it often rains. I will go home tomorrow, and I feel very sad. "Expedition away from home, protracted; Rushing in the rain, I don't know the situation at home, and I feel sad. " Xiaoya Cai Wei is also about the life of soldiers guarding the border. The last few lines of this poem are famous: "I have been there, Yangliuyiyi." The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. The road is muddy, hungry and thirsty. I feel sad, and I don't know I'm sad. "Poetry through the comparison of past and present scenery, reflects my sad and gentle mood, scene blending, profound. Fang Yurun's "Primitive Book of Songs" praised this poem as "peerless literary talent, which is always new". Of course, among the songs sung by these soldiers, there are also some songs that express the heroic feelings of fighting for defending the country and sharing weal and woe, such as "Qin Feng without clothes": "What day will there be without clothes? Robe with my son. Wang Yu started his army, repaired my spear, and shared his hatred with his son. "Poetry begins with a question and goes in one go." Being in the same robe with your son is to encourage your partners to help each other in the same boat and help the country; Repairing my spear is to pick up the sword and go to the battlefield; Enemy with Son is a battle March with one heart and one mind, sharing weal and woe, hit the floor, and doing nothing bravely. There are many poems reflecting love and marriage in folk poems. In the Zhou Dynasty, when the ethical code was first established, it was not taboo for young men and women to fall in love freely. Many love songs in "Three Hundred Songs" were passionate and unrestrained, which fully showed the joys and sorrows of lovers. "Quiet Girl" describes the interest and intimacy of lovers' tryst: "Quiet girl, I am in the corner. Love but not see, scratch your head. " "Zhao Nan with Leaves and Dietang" describes the joy of wild love: "With Leaves and Dietang, Bai Maobao. A woman fell in love with spring, and Ji seduced her. There is a park in the forest and a dead shoulder in the wild. White grass is pure, and there are women like jade. Free and detached, not happy, not making dragons bark. " The young man was hunting in the forest, hit a deer and met a girl. He fell in love at first sight and courted the girl with a deer. The girl reluctantly told him not to be reckless. Love is full of burning thoughts. "Brother Wang Feng Cuisine": "He chooses Xiao Xi, but he doesn't see you for a day, just like Sanqiu's Xiao Zheng Feng Zi Gan:" Qing Zi Gan, leisurely in my heart. If I didn't go to see you, didn't you get my letter? Green is what you wear, and leisurely is my feeling. If I never visit you, can't you take the initiative? Come on, always open your eyes, on this high tower. I don't see you for a day, such as March. " Love can't be without troubles. In Zheng Feng Naughty Bag, the couple are embarrassed: "He is naughty and won't talk to me. Because of weizi, I can't eat "; Love is sometimes a hopeless fantasy. Nan Zhou Han Guang said, "There are trees in the south, so we can't rest. There are women on the Han River who want to pursue the impossible. The Hanshui River is so vast that it is impossible to cross it. Jiang Zhiyong, can't think "; Love is sometimes a bitter lovelorn, Zhao Nan Jiangyoutuo: "Jiangyoutuo, the returning son, not me." If you don't listen to me, you will sing. "A man's lover became someone else's bride, the in the mind uncomfortable. He sang to himself: since you are married, don't associate with me, don't associate with me. Let me sing a song to ease your sadness! In the Zhou Dynasty, women's status was low, and whether the marriage relationship could be maintained mainly depended on the husband. So there are often many women who can't escape the bad luck of being abandoned. Li Feng, Meng, Li Yue, Zhong Guyou and other poems in The Book of Songs, which are mainly narrative, are all the lamentations of abandoned wives at that time. There are many poems written by nobles and bureaucrats in The Book of Songs. Mainly include: ode to ancestors and Zhou epic. Most of the sacrificial poems in Ya and San Ode mainly worship ancestors, or describe the history of the emergence and development of tribes, or praise the virtues of predecessors. " Elegance is an ode dedicated to Hou Ji, the "first man" of Zhou: "People are born to be human, so they must learn from others. What about strangers? Tang Kekesi, the Buddha has no children. The emperor believed and knew. The earthquake carries sorrow, and the birth carries education. The time is Hou Ji. "This poem is mysterious and strange. Hou Ji's mother, Qiu Jiang, stepped on God's big foot and became pregnant and gave birth to Hou Ji. "Houji" describes a natural "plowman", which is the embodiment of several generations of men who led their people to settle in Tai (now Wugong area in Shaanxi Province) and run agriculture when Zhou people entered the patriarchal clan from the matriarchal clan. This kind of poems eulogizing the ancestors of Zhou people include Gong Liu, Mian, Yi Di and Daming. The poetry of aristocratic life. Some of them reflect the living conditions of the nobles, such as Xiaoya's Four Cadres and No Sheep, which show off the spacious houses and rich industries of the nobles: "Building is blocked, and its households are in the southwest. He lives in a place where he talks and laughs. " "Who said you didn't have a sheep? Sanbaiwei Group. Who says you don't have a cow? Ninety. "There are also poems that show the joy of feasting. For example, Xiaoya Luming Literature wrote in the first chapter, "Yo yo Luming Literature, wild apple. I have a group of good guests, playing the piano and playing the piano. A blowing sheng reed, a basket of gifts. People are very kind to me and show me a wonderful week. "This is a beautiful welcome song. It well shows the harmony and happiness between the host and the guests; Another expression is that you can still be poor and happy after your family business dies. " Chen Feng Hengmen: "Under Hengmen, you can stay late. Secretion of the ocean, you can enjoy hunger. Does it eat fish? Is it a river? Is it true that if he marries a wife, he will be ginger? Does it eat fish? Could it be carp in the river? Does he marry a wife and become Song's son? "Political allegories. After the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou family declined, and a large number of resentful poems appeared. These poems are mainly preserved in Erya, such as Min Lao, Ban Dang, Sang Rou, Zhan Yin, Jie Nan Shan, The First Month, The Turn of October, The Rain is Wrong, Xiao Man, Qiao Yan and Xiang Bo in The Scholars. These poems either satirize those who get something for nothing and are insatiable, or expose the shamelessness and ugliness of the rulers. Bitter satire contains strong resentment and injustice. The works called "changing wind" and "changing elegance" by later generations are angry poems reflecting political decay and social darkness, expressing the poet's worries about current events or lamenting his personal experience. The Book of Songs laid the lyrical tone and realistic creation method of China's poetry creation, and established the principle of "Bi Xing" in China's poetry creation and criticism. It laid the linguistic foundation of China's poetic form. P 1-4