Einstein 1900 graduated from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and became unemployed after graduation. With the help of my friends, I got a job in the Swiss Federal Patent Office. 1905 received a doctorate from the University of Zurich. 1909, he was an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich and a professor at the University of Prague in 19 1 1. Two years later, he became the director of the Royal German Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1932 was persecuted by Hitler and left Germany. 1933 10 settled in the United States. Einstein has made contributions in many fields of physics, such as studying capillary phenomenon, expounding Brownian motion, establishing special relativity and extending it to general relativity, putting forward the quantum concept of light, fully explaining photoelectric effect, radiation process and specific heat of solids with quantum theory, and developing quantum statistics. And won the Nobel Prize in Physics at 192 1.
Beethoven was born in Poland, Germany on 1770 12 16. My father is a tenor in the local court choir, moody and addicted to alcohol; My mother is a cook, kind and gentle. The hard life deprived Beethoven of his right to go to school. His musical talent since childhood made his father hope that he would become a musical prodigy and a cash cow for him. He did not hesitate to beat and scold, forcing Beethoven to practice harpsichord and violin endlessly all day since he was four years old. At the age of eight, Beethoven made his debut, which was a great success and was regarded as the second Mozart. After studying under the organist Ni Fu, he began to learn to compose music. 1 1 published his first work, Variations on the Piano. At the age of 13, he joined the court band as an organist and an ancient pianist. 1787 went to Vienna to study composition under Mozart and Haydn. 1800 years, after his first victory, a bright future appeared in front of Beethoven. But for three or four years, a terrible thing kept tormenting him, and Beethoven found himself deaf. For a musician, nothing is more terrible than hearing loss. So people can understand the heartbreaking pain in the adagio movement of his early piano sonata.
Beethoven is always full of a fiery heart, but his enthusiasm is very unfortunate. He always experienced hope and enthusiasm, disappointment and resistance alternately, which undoubtedly became his source of inspiration. 180 1 year, Beethoven fell in love with Qi Li aitai? Guichadi, he dedicated the moonlight sonata to her. However, the naive and selfish Qi Li Ai did not understand his noble soul. 1803 married someone else, which was a moment of despair. He wrote a suicide note.
1803, he walked out of the haze and wrote a bright and optimistic second symphony. After that, more and better music appeared in his works. Symphony No.3 (Hero), Symphony No.5 (Destiny) and Symphony No.6 (Pastoral), as well as beautiful and cheerful violin concertos and colorful piano concertos and sonatas.
1823, Beethoven completed his last masterpiece, Symphony No.9 (Chorus). This work created his ideal world. 1826 65438+Beethoven had a bad cold in February, which led to pulmonary edema. 1827 On March 26th, he left in a snowstorm. Never married. On the 29th, 20,000 people attended the funeral, and their bodies were buried in the tomb of Ling Weiguo.
This composer has only been in the world for 57 years, and has completed more than 100 works in his life. The main works include 9 symphonies; Dozens of orchestral music (Egmont overture is the most famous); 5 piano concertos and 1 violin concerto; 5 other concertos; 32 piano sonatas (passion, moonlight, sadness, dawn, storm, etc. Are the most famous); 80 chamber music; Opera 1 Frederio; Another play1; Quality 2 and so on.
Who is Hawking? He is a brain, a myth, the most outstanding theoretical physicist of our time, a giant in the name of science ... perhaps, he is just a warrior who challenges his fate in a wheelchair.
■ The intelligent brain was born.
Stephen Hawking was born in194265438+1October 8th. At this time, his hometown London was shrouded in Hitler's indiscriminate bombing.
Hawking and his sister spent their childhood in several towns near London. Many years later, their neighbors recalled that Hawking was lying in the cradle car, which was very eye-catching, and his head looked very big, which was different from ordinary people-mostly because Hawking's reputation and achievements were far from ordinary people, and neighbors could not help but re-portray the image of gifted children in their memories.
However, in this dull and conservative town, the Hawkins really look different. Hawking's parents both received formal university education. His father is a doctor who studies tropical diseases, while his mother has engaged in many occupations. Residents of small towns are often surprised to see Hawkins driving an old used car across the street to the suburbs-before the car entered the homes of British citizens. However, this strange car expanded Hawkins' freedom of movement.
Hawking is keen to find out the ins and outs of everything, so when he sees a novel thing, he always likes to take it apart and understand the structure of each part-but it is often difficult for him to put it back because his hands and feet are far less flexible than his mind, and even his handwriting is famous in class.
Hawking/Kloc-entered Oxford University to study physics at the age of 0/7. He is still not a hard-working student, and this attitude is consistent with other students at that time. This is a period of confusion for young people after the war-they are tired of everything and feel that there is nothing worth pursuing. Hawking hangs out with his classmates at school, drinks and joins the rowing club. In the long run, he is likely to become an ordinary employee or teacher. However, the disease appeared.
■ The disease appeared.
Since childhood, sports have never been Hawking's strong point, and he is not good at almost all ball games.
In his third year at Oxford, Hawking noticed that he became more clumsy and fell down once or twice for no reason. Once, he suddenly fell down the stairs for some unknown reason, immediately fell into a coma and almost died.
It was not until 1962 that Hawking was a graduate student in Cambridge that his mother noticed her son's abnormal condition. Hawking, who just celebrated 2 1 birthday, spent two weeks in the hospital. After various examinations, it was diagnosed as "Luger's disease", that is, motor neuron atrophy.
The doctor told him that his body would get out of control more and more, and only his heart, lungs and brain could function. Finally, the heart and lungs will also fail. Hawking was only sentenced to two years in prison. That was at 1963.
At first, the disease deteriorated quite quickly. The blow to Hawking can be imagined. He almost gave up all his studies and research because he didn't think he could finish his master's thesis alive. However, a woman appeared.
■ A woman appeared.
Her name is Jane Wald.
1962 In the summer, Jane met Hawking, who walked awkwardly and faltered, through her friends, and met him several times later. So, they met love.
But their love is a bit bitter. Hawking is incurable about his illness, so he doesn't intend to establish a long-term and stable relationship. There is always a third party between them-death.
However, the power of love is irresistible. On July14th of the following year, Jane and Hawking got married.
Years later, Jane wrote in her memoir "Music Moves the Stars": "I love him very much, and nothing can stop me from marrying him. I am willing to cook, wash clothes, shop, clean up the housework for him and give up my previous ambitions. "
The engagement to Jane really changed Hawking's life. In order to get married, he needs a job, and in order to get a job, he needs a doctorate. Therefore, for the first time in his life, he began to study hard. To his surprise, he found himself very fond of research. Love has a happy ending. However, wheelchairs appeared.
■ Wheelchairs appear.
Hawking's condition is getting worse and worse. 1970, Hawking, whose academic reputation is growing day by day, was unable to walk by himself, and he began to use a wheelchair. To this day, he has never left it.
Hawking, who has been sitting in a wheelchair, works and lives extremely tenaciously.
199 1 In March, Hawking returned to his apartment in Berlin in a wheelchair. When crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. The left arm was broken, the head was cut off, and 13 stitches were stitched. However, 48 hours later, he returned to work in the office.
On another occasion, he and his friends went to a country house. When going uphill, they turned too hard and the wheelchair fell backwards. I didn't expect the master of gravity to be overturned in the bushes by the gravity of the earth.
Despite the growing physical disability, Hawking still tries to live like an ordinary person and accomplish what he can. He's even lively-it sounds a bit funny. After he was completely unable to move, he still insisted on driving a wheelchair with his only movable finger on the way to the office. In a hotel in Moscow, he suggested that everyone dance. The way he turned the wheelchair in the hall was really a miracle. When meeting Prince Charles, he turned his wheelchair to show off and ran over Prince Charles' toes.
Of course, Hawking also tasted the consequences of "freedom" action. The master of quantum gravity fell from his wheelchair many times under the weak gravity of the earth. Fortunately, every time he stubbornly "stood up".
1985, Hawking underwent tracheal surgery, and since then he has completely lost the ability to speak. It is under such circumstances that he made great efforts to write the famous A Brief History of Time and explored the origin of the universe. Hawking achieved great success, but the reality of life replaced the romance of love, and his marriage with Jane came to an end.
■ Intuition: Black holes are not black.
Hawking's research object is the universe, but he has never been interested in observing astronomy, and has only observed it several times through a telescope. Compared with traditional scientific methods such as experiment and observation, Hawking's method relies on intuition.
The great achievement of "black hole is not black" comes from the flash of an idea. 1970 1 1 One night in June, Hawking slowly climbed into bed and began to think about the problem of black holes. He suddenly realized that a black hole should have a temperature, so that it would release radiation. In other words, black holes are not that black.
This epiphany, after three years of thinking, formed a complete theory. 1973165438+1October, Hawking officially announced to the world that black holes constantly emit X-rays and gamma rays, which is the famous "Hawking radiation". Before that, people thought that black holes could only swallow but not spit.
From the singularity of BIGBANG to the radiation mechanism of black holes, Hawking has made outstanding contributions to the development of quantum cosmology. Hawking won the Wolf Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0988.
■ The king of bestsellers: a brief history of time
Hawking's popular science book A Brief History of Time-From BIGBANG to Black Hole has sold as many as 25 million copies worldwide, and has been on the bestseller list since the publication of 1988, setting a bestseller world record. In this book, Hawking tries to explain black holes, the origin and fate of the universe, black holes and time travel in a way that ordinary people can understand.
At the beginning of A Brief History of Time, Hawking pointed out: "I was told that every equation I wrote in the book would halve sales. So I decided not to write any equations. But at the end of the book, I wrote an equation, Einstein's famous equation E=mc2. I hope this will not scare away half of my potential readers. " Now it seems that Hawking is completely worried.
Zhang Haidi, a disabled and determined young woman, is determined to make progress.
She is disabled, but she has accomplished many things that healthy people can't, so she has become a model for a generation of young people in China and is known as "Paul of China".
Zhang Haidi: Female. 1955 was born in Jinan and grew up in Shenxian county. ** * party member. Master degree. He is currently a first-class writer in the Literary Creation Room of Shandong Writers Association, a member of the 9th and 10th CPPCC, the vice chairman of Shandong Writers Association and the chairman of China Disabled Persons Association.
At the age of five, he was paralyzed from the chest down because of myelopathy. From then on, Zhang Haidi began her unique life course. Unable to go to school, she taught herself high school courses at home, college English, Japanese, German and Esperanto, and translated 1.6 million words of foreign language works and materials. In addition, I have taught myself more than a dozen medical books and textbooks of some medical colleges, consulted experienced doctors and learned acupuncture and other medical skills. In order to make some contribution to the society, she used to be a teacher for children in rural areas and treated the masses with her medical knowledge and acupuncture techniques 10000 times. She also used her radio skills to work as a radio repairman in shenxian county Broadcasting Bureau.
198165438+February, People's Daily reported Zhang Haidi's deeds for the first time. On February 1983 and 1 day, China Youth Daily published her long self-report "Being a meteor, you must leave the light to the world" with an editorial "Let the ideal light illuminate the road of life". On March 7th, 1983, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League held a naming commendation meeting for Zhang Haidi, an "outstanding Communist Youth League member", which publicized her touching story of being physically disabled and determined, and being self-taught. 1983 in may, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called on the people of the whole country, especially teenagers, to learn from Zhang Haidi, and Deng Xiaoping, Ye Jianying and other revolutionaries of the older generation wrote inscriptions for Zhang Haidi. Since then, Zhang Haidi's name has spread all over the country, becoming the first national model after China's reform and opening up.
Zhang Haidi is one of the young heroes commended by Comrade * * * to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the establishment of the Youth League in China.
Dreams in wheelchairs
Zhang Haidi's hometown is Wendeng County. When she was born, she was just nine pounds. Her mother said happily: This is really a "nine-pound old woman". Adults see her healthy, smart and well-behaved, so they call her Lingling. Lingling's parents were literary and art workers at that time, and they had high hopes for their eldest daughter. Although their daughters were born in Quancheng, they love the sea more after all. In the 1950s, there was a famous movie called White Night and a famous song called The Voice of the Nile. Mother said that the "white night" in Moscow and the singing of the Nile River are very charming; The flute sound on the coast of the Bohai Sea in the motherland should also be charming. Let's call our daughter Heidi.
Zhang Haidi had a happy childhood and had his own fantasies like many children. She is happy and lively, skipping all day, and even going down the stairs is dishonest. People saw her jumping and talking and laughing, so they blurted out and called her Lingling. When people watched her concentrate on her work and asked a series of questions about the wonderful world, people appropriately called her "Heidi". There is also a photo of Lingling's home more than 20 years ago, which was taken when Lingling was in kindergarten. The white dress makes her extraordinarily energetic; Two calves stand straight, and the meat nest under the knee is clearly visible. This photo is particularly precious now. Only it records that Heidi once had healthy legs like ordinary people!
When Lingling was five years old, a catastrophic disease befell her. One day, Lingling was rehearsing a program in kindergarten. She sings and dances. Suddenly she felt black at the moment and she fell down. She usually falls down and always gets up quietly. This time, with all her strength, she still couldn't stand up. She was anxious: "Aunt, where is my leg?" Her parents took her to the hospital, and the doctor consulted repeatedly. The doctor took the diagnosis and said regretfully, "The child has got spinal hemangioma, and I am afraid that in the future ..."
It is said that the cause of this disease is accidental. During exercise, a small blood vessel in the spine suddenly burst. Maybe it was just a drop of blood, which turned into a blood clot and blocked the passage of the spinal cord. Due to its compression, the pulsation of the spinal cord is weakened or even completely blocked. At that time, countless doctors hoped to come up with their best technology to make this lively and lovely little girl stand up. However, just as human beings encounter many problems in the process of conquering nature-they have not given up their efforts, but they can only do nothing at present.
Her parents who worked in Jinan carried her around several major hospitals in Jinan, and then went to Wuhan and Beijing for medical treatment several times. The doctor has performed four major operations on her and removed six spinal plates, but the results have no effect. Not only can she not walk, but she basically loses consciousness from the body below the second thoracic vertebra, which means that two-thirds of her body has lost some consciousness and function. She must lean on the armrest of the wheelchair and be supported by her arms to sit still. Mom and dad's heart is as heavy as weight, and they are worried about whether their children can withstand greater tests in the future. Difficult, later life! Where did Lingling take this difficult first step?
Dad bought her a radio, her mother subscribed to Children magazine, and Zheng Xue's sister accompanied her step by step. Many uncles and aunts are reluctant to spend money on toys for their children, but when they visit Lingling, they always try their best to bring her novel gifts. Lingling can't count how many people care, help and take care of her.
Although people warm her heart with infinite care, it is far from making up for the pain caused by paralysis. Watching her friends happily jump rubber bands and go to school with their schoolbags on their backs, Lingling's young and fragile heart was crushed by pain. Lingling heard from the window, "How did I forget to bring my umbrella? Alas, how could I forget my schoolbag! " I feel very sad. She really wants to feel the happiness of going to school with them and the coolness of running in the rain. However, all this is a dream. For Lingling, it can only be a wheelchair dream. One day, Lingling finally couldn't hold back her desire and said to her mother, "Mom, I'm going to school!" " "Just say that finish, I saw my mother turn my back and touch her face with her hands. Lingling thought her mother must have cried. Mom said, "son, mom and dad will let you learn knowledge!" Seeing that Lingling was so eager to go to school and learn knowledge, her mother decided to try her best to satisfy her wish. Lingling can't go to school, so she asks the teacher to teach her. But the family can't afford a full-time teacher, so mom and dad can only teach her in person after work.
Lingling has signed up for school four times since she was seven years old. The first three times, the teacher saw her paralyzed legs and shook her head sadly. She can only lie on the windowsill every day and watch others go to school with envy. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, her father took her to Jason Wu Road Primary School in Jinan for the fourth time. The teacher saw that she was really a smart and enterprising child and made an exception to allow her to enter the exam. It's time to publish the list. Early in the morning, her father carried her to the school gate, and Heidi eagerly searched for her name in the dense red list. "Zhang Haidi", when she found her name, clapped her hands and shouted, "I go to school, I go to school." He asked his father to show her around the campus. This is the classroom and that is the playground. Heidi pointed, not to mention how happy she was. After returning home, her father bought her a small schoolbag and her mother bought her a pair of new shoes. However, I never imagined that the next day, her illness broke out again. When the other children were happy to go to school, their mother carried her on the train to the north and went to Beijing for treatment.
If Heidi goes to school, the school gate will only be open to her for half a day!
When the school couldn't get in, Heidi spread her textbooks on the bed. Usually she lies in bed with stiff waist and legs and straight instep. If the nerves that control the muscles can be relaxed and the lower limbs can flex and stretch slightly, she can sit up. With the help of her parents, she beats her leg muscles and exercises her lower limbs hard every day. Every time the arm is forced, the intercostal nerve hurts like a heart. She swallowed twice the painkiller, but she just gritted her teeth, pressed, touched and hit. Sometimes ask mom for help. Mom is reluctant to push, she is not happy; Mom worked hard and gave her a smiling face with sweat. The stiff legs and feet finally softened. When she can sit against the quilt for a while, or struggle to lie prone on the table with her arms, she is extremely surprised. Lingling will take a big step forward when her disability retreats by one point. "If others can, I can." Sometimes her friends ask her, "Lingling, what do you want to be when you grow up?" She replied, "I want to be a doctor and make every child who can't walk stand up!" " "
Lingling loves studying very much, but intercostal neuralgia caused by surgery always afflicts her petite body. Sometimes, she is really tired and can't even finish her homework, so she says to her mother, "Can I do these homework tomorrow?" Mother solemnly said to Lingling, "I haven't finished what I can do today!" " "After listening to her mother, Lingling understood that learning is her own business and must not be delayed. She told herself in her heart, "I want to finish my homework every day like a child at school!" " "
Although Lingling is determined, her conditions are ruthless. Whenever the disease tortured her, the strong Lingling did not shed tears. When the pain is really severe, in order to distract her attention, she tugged at her braid and planned to replace another pain with one. Gradually, her pulled hair can be braided. How much pain she endured!
For Lingling, home is a special school. In this school, Lingling, who is smart and eager to learn, has learned a lot of knowledge. Of all the classes, Lingling likes learning Chinese best. At the age of 10, she can read novels. Although she studies hard, she is not discouraged. She likes reading The Story of Zoya and Sura very much, but what she got was a book typeset in the old way. Most of the Chinese characters in it are traditional characters, and they are in vertical format. 10-year-old children are particularly difficult to read. She guessed by experience when she met traditional Chinese characters she didn't know. Once, when she read the sentence "My mother took me to Yang Shulin" in a book, she guessed the meaning of several other traditional Chinese characters, but she didn't know what "Yang Shulin" meant.
Lingling thinks that from the word "forest", "poplar" should be a kind of tree, so the word "tree" should be another way to write "tree"; What kind of tree is poplar? It must be a very ordinary tree. So, she began to read all kinds of tree names she knew in her mind. When she silently read "Poplar", her heart lit up: Isn't the writing of "Yang" very similar to the word "Yang"? It seems that "Poplar" is "Poplar"! Lingling was very happy when she thought about it. In this way, in the process of guessing characters, Lingling knew a lot of Chinese characters early and mastered the relevant knowledge.
/kloc-When she was 0/0 years old, her mother gave Lingling a diary with red patent leather. Mother said, "Lingling, you should keep a diary every day!" " "At that time, Lingling didn't know how to keep a diary. At first, she wrote: "I read XXX books today and took medicine today." "These diaries are monotonous and have no feelings. After her mother's enlightenment, Lingling finally understood the secret of keeping a diary, that is, writing out all the important things and feelings every day. Later, Lingling began to write all the warmth of family and friendship into her diary, which exercised her writing ability well. When I grow up, whenever I recall this experience, Zhang Haidi will think that if I didn't keep a diary, I wouldn't grow up to be a writer in the future.
In addition to Chinese, Lingling is also very attentive to other classes and doesn't waste time at all. Throughout her childhood, she studied hard with tenacious will, always treated every word and sentence attentively, taught herself all the courses in primary and secondary schools, and realized her dream of sitting in a wheelchair. In Lingling's own words, she is not ashamed of her childhood or those wonderful times.
In that three-story building painted with red paint, Zhang Haidi spent 15 years, and the love of parents and friends made Zhang Haidi more confident to face the future.
China inventor. In history, it is famous for establishing factory laboratories and opening up ways to closely combine technology development with scientific research. 1847 February 1 1 Born in Mylan, Ohio, a Dutch immigrant family. 193 1 year1October 18 died in west orange, new jersey. I had only three months of formal education when I was young. From the age of 12, he worked as a newsboy, vendor and telegraph operator to make a living. Influenced by Faraday, he was engaged in electrical experimental research and invention all his life. 1868, he invented a ballot recorder and tried to sell it to congress, but it was not adopted. Edison's first invention did not find a market, which made him pay more attention to the practicality of the invention. 1869, Edison moved from Boston to new york. He improved the telegraph of Gold Index Telegraph Company, which was appreciated by the company manager and was hired with a monthly salary of 300 dollars (which was a very high monthly salary at that time). 1870, he moved to New Jersey and began his period of efficient invention. 1874 improved the typewriter. 1876, a carbon microphone was added to the telephone invented by a g bell, which improved the reception of sound.
1876, he founded his own famous laboratory. In this laboratory, he broke the tradition that a single scientist engaged in research alone, and organized a group of professionals (including N Tesla and others) who worked together to formulate topics and assign tasks, and worked together on an invention, thus creating the correct way of modern scientific research. 1877, he invented the phonograph and made him famous all over the world. 1878, started the research of incandescent lamp. After more than ten months of repeated failures, the incandescent carbon filament lamps were successfully lit on 1879, 10, 2 1, and stably lit for two whole days. 1882, the world's second public thermal power plant was established in Pearl Street, new york, and the electric lighting system in new york was established, which became the prototype of modern power system. The realization of electric lighting not only greatly improves people's production and working conditions, but also indicates the arrival of the electrification era of daily life. 1883, when Edison was testing a vacuum bulb, he happened to find a current passing between the cold electrode and the hot electrode. This phenomenon was later called Edison effect, which became the basis of electron tube and electronic industry. 1887, he moved to west orange, and in the same year, he founded a larger laboratory with updated equipment in the city, namely the famous Edison laboratory (later called the invention factory). Here, according to the invention of G. Hysmans, I made my own camera. 19 14 years, the earliest sound film system was made with phonograph and camera. In his later years, his inventions and innovations included batteries, cement mixers, recording telephones, duplex and multiplex telegraph systems and railway brakes. During the First World War, he was the chairman of Ren Haijun's Technical Advisory Committee, directed the research on torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment, and invented dozens of weapons. To this end, the US government awarded him the 1920 Medal of Outstanding Service, and the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor. 1928, the US Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor. Edison and his laboratory obtained 1093 invention patents all their lives. Edison made many inventions in his life, but after all, he lacked systematic scientific knowledge, so he could not make a correct judgment on the development of modern technology. At the end of 19, AC transmission system appeared, but he still insisted on DC transmission, and lost the contract to build Niagara Hydropower Station in the fierce competition with G. westinghouse; His laboratory blindly trial-produced magnetic mineral processing equipment, exhausted the funds obtained from the invention of electric light, and finally had to give up. However, Edison's contribution to the development of electric power, the manufacture of electrical appliances and the popularization of electric energy applications made him one of the greatest inventors in human history.