The territory of the Yuan Dynasty is unprecedented, and the pottery of the Yuan Dynasty also obviously has the unique style of grassland people. Many unique types of Mongolian utensils are newly fired in the shape of the utensils, and the monochrome glaze is more exquisite than the previous generation.
In the Yuan Dynasty, a government office was set up to manage the firing of ceramics. The sweet white glaze of the ceramics fired by the official residence is called "official residence porcelain" by later generations. At this time, foreign trade and cultural exchanges between China and the West were frequent, and a large number of exported ceramics began to be burned. Most of the blue-and-white porcelain popular in the Yuan Dynasty was exported to many Islamic countries in the Middle East.
When creating and firing many new varieties in Yuan Dynasty, it inherited and developed the pottery style of Song Dynasty, with thick and round glaze and round shape, and many places had obvious characteristics of absorbing Chinese culture.
The pottery dragon of the Yuan Dynasty found in Zhou Pu, Shaanxi Province was huge, with a length of 198 cm, a width of 50 cm and a height of 70 cm. The whole body is glazed, but the color has peeled off. In addition to the dragon head, there is Long Lin on the top of the dragon back. The faucet is long, the mouth is wide, the teeth are blue, the chin has whiskers, the longan is round, and the back of the head has bristles. Dragon's legs are strong, and there are clouds under it.
This pottery dragon actually belongs to ancient porcelain, also called porcelain or porcelain. It is a low-temperature glazed pottery with blue, green, yellow, purple and white as the keynote.
Shanxi and Jingdezhen porcelain are basically similar in production technology, and the main difference lies in the fetal quality and glaze color. Due to the complexity and particularity of the production process of these two kinds of porcelain, the production history is short and the producing areas are relatively few. The products that can be well preserved and handed down are rare, and the fine products handed down from generation to generation are rare.
The embryo of this pottery dragon is obviously pottery, so it is judged to be made in Shanxi. There are also obvious differences in fetal quality in different places and times.
What Zhou Pu took out was something from the end of Yuan Dynasty. Its tires are made of clay, and its glaze is as pure as glass glaze, but it is still made of materials. Its blue is like the blue of a black gem, its purple is like the purple of dark amethyst, and its yellow is like gold foil, only slightly darker than the color of gold foil. Peacock green is particularly bright, and the glaze is not black. The green color on its glaze is brighter than other glazes, as deep as green water.
In terms of decoration technology, this pottery dragon adopts traditional technologies such as molding, molding, carving and applique. It looks very simple from an aesthetic point of view. At the same time, porcelain is mostly bright and bright in glaze color, such as emerald green, emerald blue, emerald purple, etc., which can also be seen from the residual glaze spots of this pottery dragon.
This dragon is a feature of the Yuan Dynasty. Its faucet is flat and long, its eyes are bright, its eyebrows are bushy, its horns extend backward, its body is slender and its momentum is fierce. It is supposed to be a pair of dragons, distributed on both sides of the roof of the main hall. It should be a very rare decoration accessory for court buildings in Yuan Dynasty, which is of great value to the study of court buildings in Yuan Dynasty.
The tires of Yuan Dynasty pottery were thick, slightly rough and grayish yellow. White makeup soil and glaze are grayish yellow in white, some are not fine and not smooth, and black is mostly yellowish brown. The decoration is mainly plain white porcelain and white glazed black flowers.
The decorative method of carving patterns on black appeared in the Song Dynasty and also existed in the Yuan Dynasty. It is generally used to carve scales on ichthyosaurs or feathers on geese and phoenixes. There are also black glaze rust flowers, and the white glaze black flowers are covered with low-temperature peacock blue glaze, which is very easy to last because of the low temperature.
Black-and-white glazed pottery is often decorated with dragons and phoenixes, geese, fish and algae, cirrus clouds, flowers, baby plays, character stories, flowers and birds, poems and so on.
Yuan Zaju was popular in the Yuan Dynasty and produced a large number of pottery and plastic works. The zaju pottery figurines found in Yuan Dynasty tombs in Jiaozuo, Henan Province show various forms of rap and dance. One of them wore a Mongolian robe hat, felt boots and a belt around his waist, with his head slightly tilted to the right, one hand up and the other hand down, his waist twisted and he danced intently.
Another terracotta warrior is dressed simply, wearing a cap, holding a musical instrument in his left hand and two fingers in his right hand, making a whistle-like performance. These statues successfully express the optimistic and brave character of the Mongolian people. The sculpture technique is simple, the image is vivid and full of life interest. It is the representative work of pottery sculpture in Yuan Dynasty.
Pottery in Yuan Dynasty has a large shape, including bowls, plates, jars, bottles, pillows, pots, flat pots, jade pots, spring bottles and Gao Zuwan.
The Yuan Dynasty black pottery bowl, with a diameter of 17.5cm and a height of 6cm, is simple and elegant.
The pottery incense burner of the Yuan Dynasty found in Miao Yan Village, Huilong Township, Zhaoji District has fine craftsmanship and simple shape. The symmetrical lifelike puppies on both sides of the furnace body are furnace ears, under which there are three tripod-shaped tiger legs. Most of the green glaze on the furnace body has fallen off, leaving only depressions. Furnace height 15cm, caliber 9cm, abdominal diameter 1 1cm.
The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty won the world by iron, but there were few sculptures of horses in the Yuan Dynasty, so the pottery horses in pottery were precious. There is a Yuan pottery horse, 20.6 cm high and 25 cm long, made of grey pottery, with a horse's head decorated with cages, upright ears, a long mane on its neck and a thick tail, and its four feet stand upright on a rectangular tray.
In addition, a complete painted pottery "Guard of Honor for Horses and Horses" was found in the Yuan Dynasty tombs in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province. * * 8 1 piece of pottery figurines, pottery horses and pottery carts, all painted pottery with bright colors, mainly pink, red and green, are combined into a complete "guard of honor for chariots and horses". At the same time, there are pottery such as Taocang and Ji Tao.
Nearly 60 pottery figurines were unearthed from He Tomb of Yuan Dynasty in Huxian County, Shaanxi Province, including footman figurines, maid figurines, Yi Wei figurines, horse riding figurines, Hu people riding camels and drumming figurines, camel head figurines and so on. The figurines are 30 to 33 cm high, and the figurines on horseback are about 45 cm high.
The maid figurines in He's tomb are tied in a double braid bun, with narrow sleeves and short jackets on top and long skirts on the bottom, serving as holding boxes; The footman's hair is divided into two sections, wearing a narrow-sleeved right robe to make a towel rack with cage sleeves; Yi Wei's figurines wear hoes, narrow-sleeved robes with collars, belts around their waists, ankle boots, and bent left arms to make a shouting gesture.
The best sculptors are a group of horse-riding figurines, some wearing wide-brimmed felt hats, or holding broadswords, or carrying arrows and stirrups, holding reins and saddles in their left hands, and throwing them off with their right hands, making whips to urge horses, depicting the Mongolian people's life customs of being familiar with riding and advocating shooting.
There are horse figures in He Tomb, which are 34 cm high and 37 cm high. Gray pottery, molding. The terracotta figures holding horses wear round hats, braids hanging down to their shoulders, robes and belts, with their right hands bent to their chests and their left hands sticking out to one side, as if holding horses. Ma Tao was carrying a bag tied with a rope. The two sculptures are ingeniously combined and have a strong flavor of life.
These Yuan Dynasty pottery figurines in He Tomb are famous for their realistic artistic techniques and symmetrical shapes. The production of pottery figurines in Yuan Dynasty was generally rough, on the one hand, because paper funerary wares continued to be popular, on the other hand, they were deeply influenced by Mongolian funeral customs. Traditionally, Mongolians are buried in the depths of graves, so they generally don't have to be buried with figurines. Only some Han people and a few Khitan bureaucrats are still buried with pottery figurines.
The pottery figurines of the Yuan Dynasty were mainly found in Shaanxi and Sichuan. Shaanxi is represented by the Yuan figurines unearthed from the couple's tombs in Chixi Village, Qujiang, He Tomb in Chang 'an County and Yuan Tomb in Baoji.
Shaanxi Yuan terracotta warriors are all dark gray tires, not glazed, and still have a certain artistic level in skills and production methods. They are realistic in style, including male maid figurines, horse figurines, camel figurines, horse figurines and so on. Most of the figurines are Mongolians and Hu people.
In the combination of pottery figurines, the four gods figurines, which were quite popular in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, disappeared in the Yuan Dynasty, and most of the figures were ethnic minorities and foreign cultures.